GMS 6401 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
What is the main/primary function of the kidney - Answers - to maintain homeostasis
What does the kidney excrete - Answers - waste products like urea
Drugs
What does the kidney make - Answers - -glucose (for emergencies)
-ammonia
-bicarbonate
-arginine (an amino acid)
-renin (an enzyme)
-erythropoietin (hormone)
-1-25 (OH)2 (form of vitamin d) (hormone) (essential for mineral metabolism)
What is the role of renin - Answers - critical for balance of sodium
What is the process of voluntarily removing urine from the body called - Answers -
micturition
The kidney tubules are made up of what kind of cells - Answers - epithelial
What are the two main sets of structures that make up the kidneys - Answers - -
tubules
-blood vessels
What are the names of the successive branches that come off the renal artery into the
kidney - Answers - -segmental arteries
-interlobar arteries (surround each lobe in kidney)
-arcuate arteries (between medulla and cortex)
-interlobular arteries (aka cortical radial)
What is the first resistant site in the kidney - Answers - the interlobular/cortical radial
arteries
What kinds of arteries come off the cortical radial arteries - Answers - -afferent
arterioles (go into glomerulus)
-glomerular capillaries
-efferent arterioles (go away from glomerulus)
Where are the peritubular capillaries located - Answers - -entirely in the cortex
-surround proximal and distal tubules
Where are all glomeruli located - Answers - in the cortex
,Where are the resistance vessels located for the glomerular capillaries - Answers -
both before and after it
What are the two types of glomeruli - Answers - -cortical (90%, outer 2/3 of cortex)
-juxtamedullary (10%, inner 1/3rd of cortex)
What is the nephron composed of - Answers - glomerulus and tubule
What is the role of the vasa recta - Answers - -make a concentrated and dilute urine
What is the main thing that happens in the tubule - Answers - modification of the filtrate
What makes up the renal corpuscle - Answers - -glomerular capillary
-surrounding epithelial layer
-bowman's capsule
Are there any contractile cells in the glomerular capillaries - Answers - no
What is the role of erythropoietin - Answers - acts on bone marrow to help with RBC
release
How many kidneys are there are what lies on top of them - Answers - -2
-adrenal gland
What is the kidneys location in the abdominal cavity - Answers - retroperitoneal
(means at back of cavity)
And encased in fat (stabilizes the kidney)
Where do the kidneys receive blood from - Answers - the abdominal aorta to renal
artery
Where do kidneys send blood to - Answers - through the renal vein to the vena cava
How many lobes make up the kidneys - Answers - 10-12
What is the outer part of the kidney called - Answers - the cortex
What is the inner part of the kidney called - Answers - the medulla
Once urine leaves the medulla, what does it go through - Answers - the minor and
major calyces
What is the unique type of cell found in the glomerulus - Answers - -mesangial cells
-have a contractile function
-found in middle of glomerulus
,What type of cells are found in each glomerular capillary - Answers - -endothelial cells,
on basement membrane
What are the specialized epithelial cells in the glomerulus called - Answers - podocytes
What is another name for the inner medulla - Answers - the papilla
Where is the proximal convoluted tubule located - Answers - entirely in the cortex
Comes out of the bowman's capsule
What part of the kidney tubule is in both the cortex and the outer medulla - Answers -
thick ascending loop of henle
What part of the kidney tubules goes through the cortex, the inner and the outer medulla
- Answers - the collecting duct
What makes up the distal nephron - Answers - -distal collecting tubule
-collecting duct
What is the macula densa - Answers - -where thick ascending loop of henle makes
contact with the afferent arteriole as it switches to become the collecting duct
-an area of communication
-between tubule and blood vessel supply
Which type of glomeruli have long/thin loops of henle - Answers - -glomeruli in inner
cortex/juxtamedullary nephrons
-are also bigger and have faster GFR
What is the juxtglomerular apparatus (JGA) - Answers - -macula densa +
extraglomerular mesangium + terminal portion of afferent arteriole
-allows tubules to communicate with the blood vessels that supply it
Where in the kidney are granular cells located - Answers - in the afferent arteriole
Make renin
Where are the Na, K atpases located in the kidney tubular cells - Answers - -only on
outside/peritubular surface
-this allows unilateral movement of Na from lumen to peritubular capillaries to be put
into blood
Is most of the sodium that goes through the kidney filtered or reabsorbed - Answers -
reabsorbed
What is the purpose of the brush border in the proximal tubule - Answers - to increase
the surface area
, What parts of the tubule have lots of mitochondria - Answers - -proximal tubule
-thick ascending limb
-distal convoluted tubule
What are the two cells types in the collecting duct - Answers - -principal cells (60%)
-intercalated cells
What part of the tubule has leaky tight junctions - Answers - proximal tubule
What part of the tubule has tight tight junctions - Answers - ascending loop of henle
What part of tubule has tight tight tight junctions - Answers - distal nephron
What type of innervation occurs in the afferent/efferent arterioles, proximal tubule, and
thick ascending limb - Answers - sympathetic innervation using norepinephrine
What are the two types of afferent/sensory nerves in the kidney - Answers - -
chemoreceptors: sensitive to composition of urine
-mechanoreceptors: sensitive to degree of perfusion of renal tissue
What is the primary function of the kidney - Answers - -remove or clear substances
from the blood
What is the first step in urine formation - Answers - filtration
What is the normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in an average person - Answers -
80-200 ml/min
Does vary with weight
What is the normal plasma volume in an average man - Answers - 3.5 L
What are the specific characteristics needed for a marker substance to measure kidney
function - Answers - -freely filtered at glomerulus
-not reabsorbed in tubule
-not secreted in tubule
-not metabolized
-not toxic
-no effect on kidney function
Rate of filtration of substance (if freely filtered) - Answers - plasma concentration of x
(Px) x GFR
Rate of excretion of any substance - Answers - concentration of urine (Ux) x urine flow
rate (V)
Formula for GFR (or clearance of any substance actually) - Answers - (Ux/Px) x V
What is the main/primary function of the kidney - Answers - to maintain homeostasis
What does the kidney excrete - Answers - waste products like urea
Drugs
What does the kidney make - Answers - -glucose (for emergencies)
-ammonia
-bicarbonate
-arginine (an amino acid)
-renin (an enzyme)
-erythropoietin (hormone)
-1-25 (OH)2 (form of vitamin d) (hormone) (essential for mineral metabolism)
What is the role of renin - Answers - critical for balance of sodium
What is the process of voluntarily removing urine from the body called - Answers -
micturition
The kidney tubules are made up of what kind of cells - Answers - epithelial
What are the two main sets of structures that make up the kidneys - Answers - -
tubules
-blood vessels
What are the names of the successive branches that come off the renal artery into the
kidney - Answers - -segmental arteries
-interlobar arteries (surround each lobe in kidney)
-arcuate arteries (between medulla and cortex)
-interlobular arteries (aka cortical radial)
What is the first resistant site in the kidney - Answers - the interlobular/cortical radial
arteries
What kinds of arteries come off the cortical radial arteries - Answers - -afferent
arterioles (go into glomerulus)
-glomerular capillaries
-efferent arterioles (go away from glomerulus)
Where are the peritubular capillaries located - Answers - -entirely in the cortex
-surround proximal and distal tubules
Where are all glomeruli located - Answers - in the cortex
,Where are the resistance vessels located for the glomerular capillaries - Answers -
both before and after it
What are the two types of glomeruli - Answers - -cortical (90%, outer 2/3 of cortex)
-juxtamedullary (10%, inner 1/3rd of cortex)
What is the nephron composed of - Answers - glomerulus and tubule
What is the role of the vasa recta - Answers - -make a concentrated and dilute urine
What is the main thing that happens in the tubule - Answers - modification of the filtrate
What makes up the renal corpuscle - Answers - -glomerular capillary
-surrounding epithelial layer
-bowman's capsule
Are there any contractile cells in the glomerular capillaries - Answers - no
What is the role of erythropoietin - Answers - acts on bone marrow to help with RBC
release
How many kidneys are there are what lies on top of them - Answers - -2
-adrenal gland
What is the kidneys location in the abdominal cavity - Answers - retroperitoneal
(means at back of cavity)
And encased in fat (stabilizes the kidney)
Where do the kidneys receive blood from - Answers - the abdominal aorta to renal
artery
Where do kidneys send blood to - Answers - through the renal vein to the vena cava
How many lobes make up the kidneys - Answers - 10-12
What is the outer part of the kidney called - Answers - the cortex
What is the inner part of the kidney called - Answers - the medulla
Once urine leaves the medulla, what does it go through - Answers - the minor and
major calyces
What is the unique type of cell found in the glomerulus - Answers - -mesangial cells
-have a contractile function
-found in middle of glomerulus
,What type of cells are found in each glomerular capillary - Answers - -endothelial cells,
on basement membrane
What are the specialized epithelial cells in the glomerulus called - Answers - podocytes
What is another name for the inner medulla - Answers - the papilla
Where is the proximal convoluted tubule located - Answers - entirely in the cortex
Comes out of the bowman's capsule
What part of the kidney tubule is in both the cortex and the outer medulla - Answers -
thick ascending loop of henle
What part of the kidney tubules goes through the cortex, the inner and the outer medulla
- Answers - the collecting duct
What makes up the distal nephron - Answers - -distal collecting tubule
-collecting duct
What is the macula densa - Answers - -where thick ascending loop of henle makes
contact with the afferent arteriole as it switches to become the collecting duct
-an area of communication
-between tubule and blood vessel supply
Which type of glomeruli have long/thin loops of henle - Answers - -glomeruli in inner
cortex/juxtamedullary nephrons
-are also bigger and have faster GFR
What is the juxtglomerular apparatus (JGA) - Answers - -macula densa +
extraglomerular mesangium + terminal portion of afferent arteriole
-allows tubules to communicate with the blood vessels that supply it
Where in the kidney are granular cells located - Answers - in the afferent arteriole
Make renin
Where are the Na, K atpases located in the kidney tubular cells - Answers - -only on
outside/peritubular surface
-this allows unilateral movement of Na from lumen to peritubular capillaries to be put
into blood
Is most of the sodium that goes through the kidney filtered or reabsorbed - Answers -
reabsorbed
What is the purpose of the brush border in the proximal tubule - Answers - to increase
the surface area
, What parts of the tubule have lots of mitochondria - Answers - -proximal tubule
-thick ascending limb
-distal convoluted tubule
What are the two cells types in the collecting duct - Answers - -principal cells (60%)
-intercalated cells
What part of the tubule has leaky tight junctions - Answers - proximal tubule
What part of the tubule has tight tight junctions - Answers - ascending loop of henle
What part of tubule has tight tight tight junctions - Answers - distal nephron
What type of innervation occurs in the afferent/efferent arterioles, proximal tubule, and
thick ascending limb - Answers - sympathetic innervation using norepinephrine
What are the two types of afferent/sensory nerves in the kidney - Answers - -
chemoreceptors: sensitive to composition of urine
-mechanoreceptors: sensitive to degree of perfusion of renal tissue
What is the primary function of the kidney - Answers - -remove or clear substances
from the blood
What is the first step in urine formation - Answers - filtration
What is the normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in an average person - Answers -
80-200 ml/min
Does vary with weight
What is the normal plasma volume in an average man - Answers - 3.5 L
What are the specific characteristics needed for a marker substance to measure kidney
function - Answers - -freely filtered at glomerulus
-not reabsorbed in tubule
-not secreted in tubule
-not metabolized
-not toxic
-no effect on kidney function
Rate of filtration of substance (if freely filtered) - Answers - plasma concentration of x
(Px) x GFR
Rate of excretion of any substance - Answers - concentration of urine (Ux) x urine flow
rate (V)
Formula for GFR (or clearance of any substance actually) - Answers - (Ux/Px) x V
