MN 502 – Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology
Questions And Correct Answers (Verified Answers) Plus
Rationales 2025 Q&A | Instant Download PDF Purdue
Global University
The questions cover key systems and pathophysiological principles at an
advanced practice level
1. A patient with chronic hypertension develops left ventricular hypertrophy.
What is the primary cause?
A. Increased preload
B. Decreased afterload
C. Increased afterload
D. Decreased preload
In chronic hypertension, the left ventricle works harder to pump against
increased systemic vascular resistance (afterload), causing hypertrophy.
2. Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast
activity?
A. Calcitonin
B. Vitamin D
C. Aldosterone
D. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
, PTH raises serum calcium by increasing bone resorption, renal reabsorption,
and activating vitamin D.
3. Which pathophysiologic change occurs in emphysema?
A. Bronchoconstriction
B. Destruction of alveolar walls
C. Increased mucous production
D. Airway hyperreactivity
Emphysema is characterized by permanent enlargement of airspaces due to
destruction of alveolar walls.
4. A patient with hyperaldosteronism is likely to develop which acid-base
imbalance?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Metabolic alkalosis
C. Respiratory acidosis
D. Respiratory alkalosis
Excess aldosterone promotes H+ excretion, leading to metabolic alkalosis.
5. Which cytokine is primarily responsible for fever in the inflammatory
response?
A. Interleukin-2
B. Tumor necrosis factor-beta
C. Interleukin-1
D. Interleukin-4
IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus to raise body temperature.
, 6. In type 1 diabetes, beta cell destruction is primarily mediated by:
A. Autoantibodies alone
B. T-cell mediated cytotoxicity
C. Insulin resistance
D. Alpha cell hyperplasia
T-cells destroy pancreatic beta cells in type 1 diabetes.
7. Which is a primary cause of hypoxemia in ARDS?
A. Increased ventilation
B. Shunting due to alveolar collapse
C. Hypercapnia
D. Respiratory alkalosis
In ARDS, non-aerated alveoli cause right-to-left shunt, leading to refractory
hypoxemia.
8. Which process occurs during the repolarization phase of a cardiac action
potential?
A. Sodium influx
B. Calcium influx
C. Potassium efflux
D. Chloride influx
Repolarization is primarily due to outward movement of K+ ions.
9. Which finding best indicates nephrotic syndrome?
A. Proteinuria >3.5 g/day
B. Hematuria
C. Pyuria
Questions And Correct Answers (Verified Answers) Plus
Rationales 2025 Q&A | Instant Download PDF Purdue
Global University
The questions cover key systems and pathophysiological principles at an
advanced practice level
1. A patient with chronic hypertension develops left ventricular hypertrophy.
What is the primary cause?
A. Increased preload
B. Decreased afterload
C. Increased afterload
D. Decreased preload
In chronic hypertension, the left ventricle works harder to pump against
increased systemic vascular resistance (afterload), causing hypertrophy.
2. Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast
activity?
A. Calcitonin
B. Vitamin D
C. Aldosterone
D. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
, PTH raises serum calcium by increasing bone resorption, renal reabsorption,
and activating vitamin D.
3. Which pathophysiologic change occurs in emphysema?
A. Bronchoconstriction
B. Destruction of alveolar walls
C. Increased mucous production
D. Airway hyperreactivity
Emphysema is characterized by permanent enlargement of airspaces due to
destruction of alveolar walls.
4. A patient with hyperaldosteronism is likely to develop which acid-base
imbalance?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Metabolic alkalosis
C. Respiratory acidosis
D. Respiratory alkalosis
Excess aldosterone promotes H+ excretion, leading to metabolic alkalosis.
5. Which cytokine is primarily responsible for fever in the inflammatory
response?
A. Interleukin-2
B. Tumor necrosis factor-beta
C. Interleukin-1
D. Interleukin-4
IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus to raise body temperature.
, 6. In type 1 diabetes, beta cell destruction is primarily mediated by:
A. Autoantibodies alone
B. T-cell mediated cytotoxicity
C. Insulin resistance
D. Alpha cell hyperplasia
T-cells destroy pancreatic beta cells in type 1 diabetes.
7. Which is a primary cause of hypoxemia in ARDS?
A. Increased ventilation
B. Shunting due to alveolar collapse
C. Hypercapnia
D. Respiratory alkalosis
In ARDS, non-aerated alveoli cause right-to-left shunt, leading to refractory
hypoxemia.
8. Which process occurs during the repolarization phase of a cardiac action
potential?
A. Sodium influx
B. Calcium influx
C. Potassium efflux
D. Chloride influx
Repolarization is primarily due to outward movement of K+ ions.
9. Which finding best indicates nephrotic syndrome?
A. Proteinuria >3.5 g/day
B. Hematuria
C. Pyuria
