D115 master set-Advanced
Pathophysiology for the Advanced
Practice Nurse
Which type of genetic disease affects males more frequently than females? ANS: Sex-Linked recessive.
Since males only have one X and one Y, if the affected chromosome has the illness, it will be expressed.
In which two conditions are chromosomal abnormalities the leading known cause? ANS: Intellectual
disability and fetal miscarriage. Chromosome abnormalities are the leading known cause of intellectual
disability and fetal miscarriage.
What are three examples of prenatal diagnostic studies? ANS: Chorionic villus sampling (CVS),
amniocentesis, and preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) are examples of prenatal diagnostic studies
and are performed in vitro. CVS is a form of genetic testing that provides genetic information found in
utero and is usually performed between weeks 11 and 14 of pregnancy. An amniocentesis is a form of
genetic testing that evaluates amniotic fluid and is usually performed during the second trimester,
between weeks 15 and 20 of pregnancy. PGT is performed on the embryo prior to implantation.
Which genetic disorder is characterized by the presence of a zygote having one chromosome with a
normal complement of genes and one chromosome with a missing gene? ANS: Cri du chat syndrome
(translated as "cry of the cat") is caused by a DNA deletion. This term describes the cry often heard from
a baby affected by the syndrome. Cri du chat syndrome can present as a microcephalic, low birth-weight
baby with a piercing cry.
How can an X-linked recessive disease skip generations? ANS: The disease can be transmitted through
female carriers.
Since females have two copies of the X chromosome, the mother may provide an unaffected X to a
daughter or son. Furthermore, a daughter may not show signs of the disease because she has the other
X (the only X the father can give to a female) to cancel it out.
,Which type of risk is referred to as the ratio of the disease rate among the entire population to the
disease rate in an unexposed population? ANS: Relative risk is a ratio of probability, not an actual
occurrence of disease.
What are the empirical risks for most multifactorial diseases based on? ANS: Many factors from lifestyle
to genetics affect multifactorial diseases. Observation and evaluation of each case individually provides
the most thorough and accurate assessment.
What refers to the silenced gene of a gene pair. ANS: The imprinted gene is the silent gene of a gene
pair.
What is the primary reason that some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing?
ANS: The underlying chronic illness exists.
A generalized inflammatory response seen in chronic illness depletes the body's reserves to fight against
illness.
Which cells are the body's primary defense against parasite invasion? ANS: Eosinophils are the body's
primary defense against parasites.
What Phagocytes bacteria? ANS: Macrophages work by eating or phagocytosing bacteria.
What is the first response to a foreign pathogen? ANS: Helper T cells
Which characteristic is the most important determinant of immunogenicity when considering the
antigen? ANS: Immunogenicity is primarily based on the ability to recognize something foreign.
How are erythrocytes destroyed when mismatched blood is administered, causing an ABO
incompatibility? ANS: The complement pathway is activated in response to blood incompatibility.
,What is the hypersensitivity reaction that causes atopic dermatitis? ANS: An immediate (type I)
hypersensitivity reaction causes atopic dermatitis.
Which four infections are considered fungal infections? ANS: Infection with a fungus is called mycosis
and includes dermatophytes (e.g., tineas, which refers to several skin mycoses, including ringworm and
athlete's foot) and yeasts, which include candida and aspergillus.
When is the earliest after sexual transmission of HIV that lab results can detect infection? ANS: Lab
testing can detect HIV RNA 4 to 10 days after sexual transmission, whereas HIV antibody testing may
take 23 to 90 days to result in a positive test. Repeat testing may be needed to rule out a false negative
test due to testing too soon after exposure, especially if a high likelihood of exposure is suspected.
What is a characteristic of exotoxins? ANS: Exotoxins are released during bacterial growth.
Which dietary lifestyle choice has been associated with a decreased risk for developing colon cancer?
ANS: The results of decreased fat consumption have been widely studied and have demonstrated a
decreased risk of developing colon cancer.
Which cancer is an individual who has worked with asbestos for over 40 years most likely to develop?
ANS: Asbestos exposure results in an increased risk of lung and lung lining cancer.
Which statement is true regarding ultraviolet (UV) light?
The degree of damage is not affected by the light's wavelength. ANS: UV light causes basal cell
carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma when the UVB rays hit DNA strands, causing thymine base pairs
that are side by side to pair together, becoming thymine dimers. These thymine dimers lead to cell
death or cancer.
Which cancer does exercise have a convincing impact on reducing? ANS: Exercise-induced myokines
cause apoptosis of colon cancer cells.
, Low healthcare literacy is recognized as a major risk factor in blood pressure control and has been
shown to have adverse effects on health outcomes.
true or false ANS: TRUE
By providing patient education at the appropriate literacy level, improved health outcomes may result.
One of the goals of the National Action Plan to Improve Health Literacy is to incorporate research and
evidence-based plans of treatment from childhood through university-level education in a manner
consistent with an individual's literacy level.
True or false ANS: True
Ensuring the individual can understand all elements of a treatment plan is crucial for understanding and
compliance.
What is a red flag for low healthcare literacy? ANS: Low literacy often leads to perceived noncompliance
to medical instructions, including medication instructions. Ensuring the patient fully understands all
instructions is critical for understanding.
Amniocentesis is recommended for pregnant women with certain health histories.
Which health history would result in an amniocentesis recommendation? ANS: Those who have a family
history of genetic disorders
Studies have identified several genes that play a role in the prevention of obesity.
What do these genes influence? ANS: Regulation of appetite-Research has shown that genetic
mutations may cause alterations in the regulation of appetite.
Which concept is data reporting that sickle cell disease affects approximately 1 in 600 black Americans
an example of? ANS: Prevalence tells us how often disease is seen in a population, which includes all
people with the disease at a given time, at any stage in the disease progression.
What describes a chromosomal defect caused by Prader-Willi syndrome? ANS: Prader-Willi syndrome is
caused by a disorder of a portion of chromosome 15. Normally, a portion of this chromosome is
Pathophysiology for the Advanced
Practice Nurse
Which type of genetic disease affects males more frequently than females? ANS: Sex-Linked recessive.
Since males only have one X and one Y, if the affected chromosome has the illness, it will be expressed.
In which two conditions are chromosomal abnormalities the leading known cause? ANS: Intellectual
disability and fetal miscarriage. Chromosome abnormalities are the leading known cause of intellectual
disability and fetal miscarriage.
What are three examples of prenatal diagnostic studies? ANS: Chorionic villus sampling (CVS),
amniocentesis, and preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) are examples of prenatal diagnostic studies
and are performed in vitro. CVS is a form of genetic testing that provides genetic information found in
utero and is usually performed between weeks 11 and 14 of pregnancy. An amniocentesis is a form of
genetic testing that evaluates amniotic fluid and is usually performed during the second trimester,
between weeks 15 and 20 of pregnancy. PGT is performed on the embryo prior to implantation.
Which genetic disorder is characterized by the presence of a zygote having one chromosome with a
normal complement of genes and one chromosome with a missing gene? ANS: Cri du chat syndrome
(translated as "cry of the cat") is caused by a DNA deletion. This term describes the cry often heard from
a baby affected by the syndrome. Cri du chat syndrome can present as a microcephalic, low birth-weight
baby with a piercing cry.
How can an X-linked recessive disease skip generations? ANS: The disease can be transmitted through
female carriers.
Since females have two copies of the X chromosome, the mother may provide an unaffected X to a
daughter or son. Furthermore, a daughter may not show signs of the disease because she has the other
X (the only X the father can give to a female) to cancel it out.
,Which type of risk is referred to as the ratio of the disease rate among the entire population to the
disease rate in an unexposed population? ANS: Relative risk is a ratio of probability, not an actual
occurrence of disease.
What are the empirical risks for most multifactorial diseases based on? ANS: Many factors from lifestyle
to genetics affect multifactorial diseases. Observation and evaluation of each case individually provides
the most thorough and accurate assessment.
What refers to the silenced gene of a gene pair. ANS: The imprinted gene is the silent gene of a gene
pair.
What is the primary reason that some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing?
ANS: The underlying chronic illness exists.
A generalized inflammatory response seen in chronic illness depletes the body's reserves to fight against
illness.
Which cells are the body's primary defense against parasite invasion? ANS: Eosinophils are the body's
primary defense against parasites.
What Phagocytes bacteria? ANS: Macrophages work by eating or phagocytosing bacteria.
What is the first response to a foreign pathogen? ANS: Helper T cells
Which characteristic is the most important determinant of immunogenicity when considering the
antigen? ANS: Immunogenicity is primarily based on the ability to recognize something foreign.
How are erythrocytes destroyed when mismatched blood is administered, causing an ABO
incompatibility? ANS: The complement pathway is activated in response to blood incompatibility.
,What is the hypersensitivity reaction that causes atopic dermatitis? ANS: An immediate (type I)
hypersensitivity reaction causes atopic dermatitis.
Which four infections are considered fungal infections? ANS: Infection with a fungus is called mycosis
and includes dermatophytes (e.g., tineas, which refers to several skin mycoses, including ringworm and
athlete's foot) and yeasts, which include candida and aspergillus.
When is the earliest after sexual transmission of HIV that lab results can detect infection? ANS: Lab
testing can detect HIV RNA 4 to 10 days after sexual transmission, whereas HIV antibody testing may
take 23 to 90 days to result in a positive test. Repeat testing may be needed to rule out a false negative
test due to testing too soon after exposure, especially if a high likelihood of exposure is suspected.
What is a characteristic of exotoxins? ANS: Exotoxins are released during bacterial growth.
Which dietary lifestyle choice has been associated with a decreased risk for developing colon cancer?
ANS: The results of decreased fat consumption have been widely studied and have demonstrated a
decreased risk of developing colon cancer.
Which cancer is an individual who has worked with asbestos for over 40 years most likely to develop?
ANS: Asbestos exposure results in an increased risk of lung and lung lining cancer.
Which statement is true regarding ultraviolet (UV) light?
The degree of damage is not affected by the light's wavelength. ANS: UV light causes basal cell
carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma when the UVB rays hit DNA strands, causing thymine base pairs
that are side by side to pair together, becoming thymine dimers. These thymine dimers lead to cell
death or cancer.
Which cancer does exercise have a convincing impact on reducing? ANS: Exercise-induced myokines
cause apoptosis of colon cancer cells.
, Low healthcare literacy is recognized as a major risk factor in blood pressure control and has been
shown to have adverse effects on health outcomes.
true or false ANS: TRUE
By providing patient education at the appropriate literacy level, improved health outcomes may result.
One of the goals of the National Action Plan to Improve Health Literacy is to incorporate research and
evidence-based plans of treatment from childhood through university-level education in a manner
consistent with an individual's literacy level.
True or false ANS: True
Ensuring the individual can understand all elements of a treatment plan is crucial for understanding and
compliance.
What is a red flag for low healthcare literacy? ANS: Low literacy often leads to perceived noncompliance
to medical instructions, including medication instructions. Ensuring the patient fully understands all
instructions is critical for understanding.
Amniocentesis is recommended for pregnant women with certain health histories.
Which health history would result in an amniocentesis recommendation? ANS: Those who have a family
history of genetic disorders
Studies have identified several genes that play a role in the prevention of obesity.
What do these genes influence? ANS: Regulation of appetite-Research has shown that genetic
mutations may cause alterations in the regulation of appetite.
Which concept is data reporting that sickle cell disease affects approximately 1 in 600 black Americans
an example of? ANS: Prevalence tells us how often disease is seen in a population, which includes all
people with the disease at a given time, at any stage in the disease progression.
What describes a chromosomal defect caused by Prader-Willi syndrome? ANS: Prader-Willi syndrome is
caused by a disorder of a portion of chromosome 15. Normally, a portion of this chromosome is
