HUMAN BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
Chapter 7 Cardiovascular
Function of blood vessels - ANSWER-Arteries = carry blood away from heart.
Capillaries = Every living cell near undergoes cellular respiration.
2 type = Hydrostatic/osmotic pressure.
HP = Force fluids out
OP = Reabsorption in last half of capillaries. Extracellular fluids pick up by lymphatic
system.
Veins = Bring the flow of blood back to the heart.
3 layers: muscle pump, valves, changes in pressures in the chest.
The Heart - ANSWER-Location = plural cavity
Sac around = pericardium
Layers of heart = epicardium, Myocardium, endocardium.
Pulmonary circuit
Pulmonary arteries carry oxygenated blood. - ANSWER-Deoxygenated blood
through vena caves to right atrium.
Right AV valve to R Ventricle.
Pulmonary semilunar valve to palm and lungs.
oxygenated blood through plum veins to L atrium.
Oxygenated blood through L AV valve to L ventricle.
Systemic Circuit - ANSWER-Oxygenated blood through aortic semilunar valve to
aorta
Oxygenated blood through arteries, arterioles to capillaries.
Deoxygenated blood from capillary to veins, vena caves, R Atrium.
Chapter 8 Respiratory System
Exchanges of gases (Oxygen and Carbon dioxide). - ANSWER-Ventilation = moving
air in/out lungs.
External Respiration = Exchange gases between inhaled air/ blood lugs.
Internal Respiration = Exchange of gases between blood and tissue.
Upper Tract - ANSWER-Nose: Smell, filter air, warms, humidifies air, assists with
voice.
Nasal Cavity: Secrete mucus, warms and humidities cilia.
Pharynx: Common passage way for food/air.
Lower Tract - ANSWER-Larynx: Maintains open airway/routes food/air sound.
2 structures: Epiglottis, vocal cords.
Trachea: Transports air/ C-Shaped, lined/ cilia, epithelium, secretes mucus.
Alveoli = small sack air
, Baroreceptors - ANSWER-a type of interoceptor that is stimulated by pressure
changes, as those in blood vessel walls.
Chapter 9 Immune - ANSWER-Bacteria = Prokaryote --> no nucleus
DNA: Single closed loop in cytoplasm, attached to plasma membrane. ATP from
Carbohydrates and fats.
Bacterial diseases = Tetanus, cholera, tuberculosis.
Pathogens: Virus
Small than bacteria/human cell
influenza, herpes, simplex, hepatitis.
Pathogens: Prion
Misfold form of normal brain cell protein.
Transmissibility = how easily pathogen is passed.
Function of Lymphatic System
White pulp: lymphocytes
Red pulp: macrophages - ANSWER-3 Functions = helps maintain blood volume,
transport fats/ fat soluble, vitamins, defends against infections.
Subclavian veins = filter out.
Lymph nodes cleanse the lymphs (debris abnormal cells).
Spleen cleans blood. (Largest organ in lymphatic system).
Thymus: upper chest
Secrete 2 hormones; t-cells and mature thymosin.
Tonsils & Adenoids: guard trout from microorganism. (Tonsillitis).
Chapter 4 Skeletal - ANSWER-Parts of long bone:
Epiphysis: spongy bone, red bone marrow.
Diaphysis: Shaft, yellow marrow (fat).
Ligament
Cartilage
Tendons
Joints - ANSWER-Attach bone to bone.
smoother/more flexible.
Attach Bone to muscle.
Fibrous joints are immovable.
Cartilaginous joints are slightly movable allowing some movement.
Synovial joints are freely movable.
Chapter 5
Muscular System
Muscle requires ATP for both contraction and relaxation.
Fast Fiber (White) vs Slow Fiber (Red) - ANSWER-Contraction/relaxation
Muscle activated by a nerve, nerve activation increase calcium around contractile
proteins.
Calcium presence permits contraction. Nerve stimulus no longer present, contraction
ends.
Motor neurons stimulate contraction.
Neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine
REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
Chapter 7 Cardiovascular
Function of blood vessels - ANSWER-Arteries = carry blood away from heart.
Capillaries = Every living cell near undergoes cellular respiration.
2 type = Hydrostatic/osmotic pressure.
HP = Force fluids out
OP = Reabsorption in last half of capillaries. Extracellular fluids pick up by lymphatic
system.
Veins = Bring the flow of blood back to the heart.
3 layers: muscle pump, valves, changes in pressures in the chest.
The Heart - ANSWER-Location = plural cavity
Sac around = pericardium
Layers of heart = epicardium, Myocardium, endocardium.
Pulmonary circuit
Pulmonary arteries carry oxygenated blood. - ANSWER-Deoxygenated blood
through vena caves to right atrium.
Right AV valve to R Ventricle.
Pulmonary semilunar valve to palm and lungs.
oxygenated blood through plum veins to L atrium.
Oxygenated blood through L AV valve to L ventricle.
Systemic Circuit - ANSWER-Oxygenated blood through aortic semilunar valve to
aorta
Oxygenated blood through arteries, arterioles to capillaries.
Deoxygenated blood from capillary to veins, vena caves, R Atrium.
Chapter 8 Respiratory System
Exchanges of gases (Oxygen and Carbon dioxide). - ANSWER-Ventilation = moving
air in/out lungs.
External Respiration = Exchange gases between inhaled air/ blood lugs.
Internal Respiration = Exchange of gases between blood and tissue.
Upper Tract - ANSWER-Nose: Smell, filter air, warms, humidifies air, assists with
voice.
Nasal Cavity: Secrete mucus, warms and humidities cilia.
Pharynx: Common passage way for food/air.
Lower Tract - ANSWER-Larynx: Maintains open airway/routes food/air sound.
2 structures: Epiglottis, vocal cords.
Trachea: Transports air/ C-Shaped, lined/ cilia, epithelium, secretes mucus.
Alveoli = small sack air
, Baroreceptors - ANSWER-a type of interoceptor that is stimulated by pressure
changes, as those in blood vessel walls.
Chapter 9 Immune - ANSWER-Bacteria = Prokaryote --> no nucleus
DNA: Single closed loop in cytoplasm, attached to plasma membrane. ATP from
Carbohydrates and fats.
Bacterial diseases = Tetanus, cholera, tuberculosis.
Pathogens: Virus
Small than bacteria/human cell
influenza, herpes, simplex, hepatitis.
Pathogens: Prion
Misfold form of normal brain cell protein.
Transmissibility = how easily pathogen is passed.
Function of Lymphatic System
White pulp: lymphocytes
Red pulp: macrophages - ANSWER-3 Functions = helps maintain blood volume,
transport fats/ fat soluble, vitamins, defends against infections.
Subclavian veins = filter out.
Lymph nodes cleanse the lymphs (debris abnormal cells).
Spleen cleans blood. (Largest organ in lymphatic system).
Thymus: upper chest
Secrete 2 hormones; t-cells and mature thymosin.
Tonsils & Adenoids: guard trout from microorganism. (Tonsillitis).
Chapter 4 Skeletal - ANSWER-Parts of long bone:
Epiphysis: spongy bone, red bone marrow.
Diaphysis: Shaft, yellow marrow (fat).
Ligament
Cartilage
Tendons
Joints - ANSWER-Attach bone to bone.
smoother/more flexible.
Attach Bone to muscle.
Fibrous joints are immovable.
Cartilaginous joints are slightly movable allowing some movement.
Synovial joints are freely movable.
Chapter 5
Muscular System
Muscle requires ATP for both contraction and relaxation.
Fast Fiber (White) vs Slow Fiber (Red) - ANSWER-Contraction/relaxation
Muscle activated by a nerve, nerve activation increase calcium around contractile
proteins.
Calcium presence permits contraction. Nerve stimulus no longer present, contraction
ends.
Motor neurons stimulate contraction.
Neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine
