Exam 3) NURS 242 Exam 3: Questions & Answers:
Latest Updated
/. What is ventilation? - Answer-the movement of air into and out of the lungs
/.What is perfusion? - Answer-the circulation of blood through the lungs
/.What are central chemoreceptors responsive to? - Answer-increased H+ in the brain
ECF;
increased PaCO2;
"hypercarbic drive"
/.What are peripheral chemoreceptors responsive to? - Answer-decreased pH;
increased PaCO2;
decreased PaO2;
"hypoxic drive"
/.What are elastic forces? - Answer-lungs recoil due to elastin, collagen, fibrin
/.What are surface forces? - Answer-surface tension due to water-air interface
/.What is airway resistance? - Answer-opposition to flow caused by the forces of friction;
primarily determined by airway radius
/.What is the distensibility of the lungs? - Answer-ease with which the lungs can be
inflated
/.What is lung distensibility increased in? - Answer-neonates and children;
emphysema
/.What is lung distensibility decreased in? - Answer-elderly;
pneumonia, pulmonary edema, ARDS, atelectasis, fibrosis
/.What is surfactant? - Answer-complex substance lining the alveoli and smallest
bronchioles containing phospholipids and a number of apoproteins which reduces
surface tension throughout the lungs, thereby contributing to its general compliance;
stabilizes the alveoli and keeps them dry
/.What produces surfactant? - Answer-produced by the Type II alveolar cells
/.What is Ohm's law? - Answer-velocity = driving force/resistance
/.What is Poiseuille law? - Answer-resistance = (8 x viscosity x length) / (pi x radius^4)
,/.What happens if the radius in the lungs goes down? - Answer-the resistance goes up
/.How is the ventilation distributed in the lungs? - Answer-the top of the lungs are more
distended and less compliant whereas the lower lung is small and highly compliant
/.What factors affect lung perfusion? - Answer-lung capacitance;
low resistance system;
flow influenced by gravity;
resistance primarily determined by vessel radius
/.What does hypoxia lead to? - Answer-vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels
/.What does prolonged hypoxia lead to? - Answer-pulmonary hypertension
/.What factors affect alveolar-capillary diffusion? - Answer-capillary permeability;
surface area available for diffusion;
concentration gradient for the gas;
distance for diffusion
/.What causes right shifts (decreased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? - Answer-
acidemia;
hyperthermia;
hypercarbia
/.What causes left shifts (increased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? - Answer-
alkalemia;
hypothermia;
hypocarbia
/.What is hypoxemia? - Answer-deficient blood oxygen;
low PaO2;
low O2 saturation
/.What is hypoxia? - Answer-decreased tissue oxygen
/.What is hypoxic hypoxia? - Answer-decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased
respirations
/.What is anemic hypoxia? - Answer-decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased
hemoglobin
/.What is circulatory hypoxia? - Answer-decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased
blood flow
, /.What is histotoxic hypoxia? - Answer-decreased tissue oxygen caused by increased
toxic substance
/.What is ischemia? - Answer-greatly reduced or interrupted flow through the arterial
system, producing significant tissue hypoxia
/.What is hypercapnia? - Answer-increased level of CO2 in the blood
/.What are S&S of acute hypoxia? - Answer-dyspnea; restlessness; palpitations;
agitation; headache; tremors; diaphoresis; respiratory distress; cyanosis; tachypnea;
tachycardia; dysrhythmias; hypertension; lethargy; confusion to coma
/.What are some effects of hypercapnia? - Answer-respiratory acidosis (decreased pH
from increase in CO2); lethargy and confusion; increased HR and BP; flushed skin;
arrhythmias; seizures; coma; death
/.What is dyspnea? - Answer-subjective feeling of being SOB
/.What does dyspnea lead to? - Answer-decreased sense of wellness which may cause
psychological and social consequences
/.What is the leading cause of cancer death? - Answer-lung cancer
/.What is lung cancer most likely caused by? - Answer-cigarette smoking;
asbestos;
familial predisposition
/.What are the manifestations of lung cancer? - Answer-cough, hemoptysis (blood in
cough sputum);
hoarseness;
chest pain;
often disseminated (spread widely) at time of diagnosis
/.What are the types of bronchogenic carcinomas? - Answer-squamous cell lung
carcinoma (25-40%);
adenocarcinoma (20-40%);
small cell carcinoma (20-25%);
large cell carcinoma (10-15%)
/.What is acute airway obstruction caused by? - Answer-foreign body aspiration;
laryngospasm (spontaneous spasm of the vocal cords);
trauma
/.What is complete acute airway obstruction? - Answer-inspiratory chest movements but
no air movement;
tachycardia, cyanosis, rapid progression to unconsciousness
Latest Updated
/. What is ventilation? - Answer-the movement of air into and out of the lungs
/.What is perfusion? - Answer-the circulation of blood through the lungs
/.What are central chemoreceptors responsive to? - Answer-increased H+ in the brain
ECF;
increased PaCO2;
"hypercarbic drive"
/.What are peripheral chemoreceptors responsive to? - Answer-decreased pH;
increased PaCO2;
decreased PaO2;
"hypoxic drive"
/.What are elastic forces? - Answer-lungs recoil due to elastin, collagen, fibrin
/.What are surface forces? - Answer-surface tension due to water-air interface
/.What is airway resistance? - Answer-opposition to flow caused by the forces of friction;
primarily determined by airway radius
/.What is the distensibility of the lungs? - Answer-ease with which the lungs can be
inflated
/.What is lung distensibility increased in? - Answer-neonates and children;
emphysema
/.What is lung distensibility decreased in? - Answer-elderly;
pneumonia, pulmonary edema, ARDS, atelectasis, fibrosis
/.What is surfactant? - Answer-complex substance lining the alveoli and smallest
bronchioles containing phospholipids and a number of apoproteins which reduces
surface tension throughout the lungs, thereby contributing to its general compliance;
stabilizes the alveoli and keeps them dry
/.What produces surfactant? - Answer-produced by the Type II alveolar cells
/.What is Ohm's law? - Answer-velocity = driving force/resistance
/.What is Poiseuille law? - Answer-resistance = (8 x viscosity x length) / (pi x radius^4)
,/.What happens if the radius in the lungs goes down? - Answer-the resistance goes up
/.How is the ventilation distributed in the lungs? - Answer-the top of the lungs are more
distended and less compliant whereas the lower lung is small and highly compliant
/.What factors affect lung perfusion? - Answer-lung capacitance;
low resistance system;
flow influenced by gravity;
resistance primarily determined by vessel radius
/.What does hypoxia lead to? - Answer-vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels
/.What does prolonged hypoxia lead to? - Answer-pulmonary hypertension
/.What factors affect alveolar-capillary diffusion? - Answer-capillary permeability;
surface area available for diffusion;
concentration gradient for the gas;
distance for diffusion
/.What causes right shifts (decreased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? - Answer-
acidemia;
hyperthermia;
hypercarbia
/.What causes left shifts (increased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? - Answer-
alkalemia;
hypothermia;
hypocarbia
/.What is hypoxemia? - Answer-deficient blood oxygen;
low PaO2;
low O2 saturation
/.What is hypoxia? - Answer-decreased tissue oxygen
/.What is hypoxic hypoxia? - Answer-decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased
respirations
/.What is anemic hypoxia? - Answer-decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased
hemoglobin
/.What is circulatory hypoxia? - Answer-decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased
blood flow
, /.What is histotoxic hypoxia? - Answer-decreased tissue oxygen caused by increased
toxic substance
/.What is ischemia? - Answer-greatly reduced or interrupted flow through the arterial
system, producing significant tissue hypoxia
/.What is hypercapnia? - Answer-increased level of CO2 in the blood
/.What are S&S of acute hypoxia? - Answer-dyspnea; restlessness; palpitations;
agitation; headache; tremors; diaphoresis; respiratory distress; cyanosis; tachypnea;
tachycardia; dysrhythmias; hypertension; lethargy; confusion to coma
/.What are some effects of hypercapnia? - Answer-respiratory acidosis (decreased pH
from increase in CO2); lethargy and confusion; increased HR and BP; flushed skin;
arrhythmias; seizures; coma; death
/.What is dyspnea? - Answer-subjective feeling of being SOB
/.What does dyspnea lead to? - Answer-decreased sense of wellness which may cause
psychological and social consequences
/.What is the leading cause of cancer death? - Answer-lung cancer
/.What is lung cancer most likely caused by? - Answer-cigarette smoking;
asbestos;
familial predisposition
/.What are the manifestations of lung cancer? - Answer-cough, hemoptysis (blood in
cough sputum);
hoarseness;
chest pain;
often disseminated (spread widely) at time of diagnosis
/.What are the types of bronchogenic carcinomas? - Answer-squamous cell lung
carcinoma (25-40%);
adenocarcinoma (20-40%);
small cell carcinoma (20-25%);
large cell carcinoma (10-15%)
/.What is acute airway obstruction caused by? - Answer-foreign body aspiration;
laryngospasm (spontaneous spasm of the vocal cords);
trauma
/.What is complete acute airway obstruction? - Answer-inspiratory chest movements but
no air movement;
tachycardia, cyanosis, rapid progression to unconsciousness
