Anatomy and Physiology 11th edition Exam 1
questions and answers 2025/2026
1.a cut through the body that passes perpendicular to the long axis of the body and divides the body
into a superior and inferior section is known as a - answertransverse section
2.glands that discharge an oily secretion into hair follicles are - answersebaceous glands
3.action potentials are conducted into the skeletal muscle fiber by - answertransverse tubules
4.the plate of bones found in spongy bone are called - answertrabeculae
5.how would blocking the activity of acetylchlinesterase affect skeletal muscle? - answerit would cause
spastic paralysis( muscles are contracted and unable to relax
6.interactions between actin and myosin filaments of the sarcomere are responsible for - answermuscle
contraction
7.the layer of the epidermis that contains cells undergoing division is the - answerstratum germinativum
8.the pigments melanin - answeris produced by cells called melanocytes
9.the watery medium the surrounds our cells is known as - answerinterstitial fluid
10.in the elderly, blood supply to the dermis is reduced and sweat glands are less active. this
combination of factors would most affect - answerthe ability to thermoregulate
11.when stress is applied to a bone - answerthe minerals in the bone produce a weak electrical field that
activates osteoblasts
12.an immovable joint is a - answersynarthrosis
,13.the layer of the skin that provides protection against bacteria as well as chemical and mechanical
injuries is the - answerepidermis
the molecule ATP - answeris formed from ADP and phosphate, contains high energy covalent bonds, is
the most important high energy compound in human cells, provides energy for cellular reactions when
the bond attaching the last phosphate to the molecule is broken
cross-bridges are located on - answermyosin molecules
during muscle contraction - answerATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and phosphate, actin and myosin filaments
slide together, the sarcomere becomes shorter, calcium concentration in the sarcomere increases
during the recovery period after muscular exercise the body's need for oxygen is increased because -
answeroxygen is required to metabolize the lactic acid produced during exercise
the following is a list of several levels of organization that make up the human body -
answermolecule,cell,tissue,organ,organ system, organism
osteolysis is the process of - answerbone matrix is dissolved and minerals are released into the blood
serous membranes is - answersecrete lubricating fluid and are found lining cavities and covering organs
without openings to the outside of the body
most of the chemical reactions involved in cellular metabolism are regulated by - answerenzymes
intramembranous ossification occurs - answerin the skull of the fetus
each of the following is a primary tissue type except one.identify the exception - answeradipose tissue
depolarization of the sarcolemma at the myoneural junction occurs when - answeracetylcholine binds to
receptors on the sacrolemma
,parathyroid hormone - answerstimulates osteoclast activity, increases the rate of calcium absorption
from the intestine, decreases the rate of calcium excretion by the kidneys, raises the level of calcium ion
in the blood
water molecules and small ions enter a cell through - answerchannels (pores) in some integral proteins
the central canal of an osteon contains - answerblood vessels
a muscle that is stimulated so frequently that the relaxation phase is completely eliminated is said to
exhibit - answercomplete tetany
which of the following happens if body temperature rises above normal ? - answerblood flow to the skin
increases
vitamin D is necessary for - answerabsorption of calcium and phosphate ions
body membranes - answercover body cavities,line body cavities,form protective sheets around and
inside hallow or tubular organs,classified according to tissue types
epithelial membranes - answercutaneous membranes,dry membranes,outermost protective
boundary,superficial layer(epidermis)is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
underlying layer (dermis)is mostly dense irregular connective tissue
serous membranes - answerperineum,pleura,pericardium
connective tissue membrane - answersynovial membrane,connective tissue only,lines fibrous capsules
surrounding joints, secretes a lubricating fluid
integumentary system - answerskin,skin derivatives or accessory structures
, skin function - answerprotects deeper tissues from mechanical damage, chemical damage, bacterial
damage, ultraviolet radiation, thermal damage, drying out
skin functions - answeraids in body heat loss or heat retention controlled by the nervous
system,synthesis vitamins D which aids intestinal cells absorb calcium ions
epidermis - answerouterlayer,stratified squamous epithelium, cornified or keratinized hardened by
keratin to prevent water loss
stratum lucidum - answerformed from dead cells of the deeper strata occurs only in thick,hairless skin of
the palms of hands and soles of feet
stratum corneum - answeroutermost layer of epidermis,shingle like dead cells are
papillary layer - answerupper dermal region,projections called dermal papillae,some contain capillary
loops,others house pain receptors and touch receptors
reticular layer - answerdeepest dermal layer,blood vessels,sweat and oil glands,deep pressure receptors
collagen fibers - answergive skin its toughness
elastic fibers - answergive skin elasticity
hemoglobin - answerred coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries ,oxygen content determines the
extent of red coloring
cutaneous glands - answerare all excrine glands they secrete through a duct onto a surface
sebaceous glands - answerproduce oil sebum,lubricant for skin, prevents brittle hair,inhabits bacteria
,must have ducts that empty into hair follicles others open directly onto skin surface,glands are
activated at puberty
questions and answers 2025/2026
1.a cut through the body that passes perpendicular to the long axis of the body and divides the body
into a superior and inferior section is known as a - answertransverse section
2.glands that discharge an oily secretion into hair follicles are - answersebaceous glands
3.action potentials are conducted into the skeletal muscle fiber by - answertransverse tubules
4.the plate of bones found in spongy bone are called - answertrabeculae
5.how would blocking the activity of acetylchlinesterase affect skeletal muscle? - answerit would cause
spastic paralysis( muscles are contracted and unable to relax
6.interactions between actin and myosin filaments of the sarcomere are responsible for - answermuscle
contraction
7.the layer of the epidermis that contains cells undergoing division is the - answerstratum germinativum
8.the pigments melanin - answeris produced by cells called melanocytes
9.the watery medium the surrounds our cells is known as - answerinterstitial fluid
10.in the elderly, blood supply to the dermis is reduced and sweat glands are less active. this
combination of factors would most affect - answerthe ability to thermoregulate
11.when stress is applied to a bone - answerthe minerals in the bone produce a weak electrical field that
activates osteoblasts
12.an immovable joint is a - answersynarthrosis
,13.the layer of the skin that provides protection against bacteria as well as chemical and mechanical
injuries is the - answerepidermis
the molecule ATP - answeris formed from ADP and phosphate, contains high energy covalent bonds, is
the most important high energy compound in human cells, provides energy for cellular reactions when
the bond attaching the last phosphate to the molecule is broken
cross-bridges are located on - answermyosin molecules
during muscle contraction - answerATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and phosphate, actin and myosin filaments
slide together, the sarcomere becomes shorter, calcium concentration in the sarcomere increases
during the recovery period after muscular exercise the body's need for oxygen is increased because -
answeroxygen is required to metabolize the lactic acid produced during exercise
the following is a list of several levels of organization that make up the human body -
answermolecule,cell,tissue,organ,organ system, organism
osteolysis is the process of - answerbone matrix is dissolved and minerals are released into the blood
serous membranes is - answersecrete lubricating fluid and are found lining cavities and covering organs
without openings to the outside of the body
most of the chemical reactions involved in cellular metabolism are regulated by - answerenzymes
intramembranous ossification occurs - answerin the skull of the fetus
each of the following is a primary tissue type except one.identify the exception - answeradipose tissue
depolarization of the sarcolemma at the myoneural junction occurs when - answeracetylcholine binds to
receptors on the sacrolemma
,parathyroid hormone - answerstimulates osteoclast activity, increases the rate of calcium absorption
from the intestine, decreases the rate of calcium excretion by the kidneys, raises the level of calcium ion
in the blood
water molecules and small ions enter a cell through - answerchannels (pores) in some integral proteins
the central canal of an osteon contains - answerblood vessels
a muscle that is stimulated so frequently that the relaxation phase is completely eliminated is said to
exhibit - answercomplete tetany
which of the following happens if body temperature rises above normal ? - answerblood flow to the skin
increases
vitamin D is necessary for - answerabsorption of calcium and phosphate ions
body membranes - answercover body cavities,line body cavities,form protective sheets around and
inside hallow or tubular organs,classified according to tissue types
epithelial membranes - answercutaneous membranes,dry membranes,outermost protective
boundary,superficial layer(epidermis)is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
underlying layer (dermis)is mostly dense irregular connective tissue
serous membranes - answerperineum,pleura,pericardium
connective tissue membrane - answersynovial membrane,connective tissue only,lines fibrous capsules
surrounding joints, secretes a lubricating fluid
integumentary system - answerskin,skin derivatives or accessory structures
, skin function - answerprotects deeper tissues from mechanical damage, chemical damage, bacterial
damage, ultraviolet radiation, thermal damage, drying out
skin functions - answeraids in body heat loss or heat retention controlled by the nervous
system,synthesis vitamins D which aids intestinal cells absorb calcium ions
epidermis - answerouterlayer,stratified squamous epithelium, cornified or keratinized hardened by
keratin to prevent water loss
stratum lucidum - answerformed from dead cells of the deeper strata occurs only in thick,hairless skin of
the palms of hands and soles of feet
stratum corneum - answeroutermost layer of epidermis,shingle like dead cells are
papillary layer - answerupper dermal region,projections called dermal papillae,some contain capillary
loops,others house pain receptors and touch receptors
reticular layer - answerdeepest dermal layer,blood vessels,sweat and oil glands,deep pressure receptors
collagen fibers - answergive skin its toughness
elastic fibers - answergive skin elasticity
hemoglobin - answerred coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries ,oxygen content determines the
extent of red coloring
cutaneous glands - answerare all excrine glands they secrete through a duct onto a surface
sebaceous glands - answerproduce oil sebum,lubricant for skin, prevents brittle hair,inhabits bacteria
,must have ducts that empty into hair follicles others open directly onto skin surface,glands are
activated at puberty
