NSG 5140 Advanced Pathophysiology
FINAL Exam Review 1 South College
Questions And Correct Answers
(Verified Answers) Plus Rationales 2025
Q&A | Instant Download PDF
1. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of Type 1
Diabetes Mellitus?
a) Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
b) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
c) Excessive hepatic glucose production
d) Increased insulin secretion from pancreas
b) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing
beta cells, leading to absolute insulin deficiency.
, 2. What is the primary mechanism behind the development of
atherosclerosis?
a) Infection of arterial wall
b) Accumulation of cholesterol and inflammatory cells in the arterial
intima
c) Vasospasm of coronary arteries
d) Autoimmune attack on endothelial cells
b) Accumulation of cholesterol and inflammatory cells in the arterial
intima
Atherosclerosis begins with endothelial injury, leading to lipid
accumulation and inflammation within the arterial wall.
3. In congestive heart failure, which compensatory mechanism initially
maintains cardiac output?
a) Decreased sympathetic nervous system activity
b) Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
c) Decreased preload
d) Decreased heart rate
b) Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
RAAS activation increases blood volume and vasoconstriction to maintain
cardiac output but can worsen heart failure long term.
4. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
a) Hyperkalemia
, b) Hypokalemia
c) Hypernatremia
d) Hyponatremia
a) Hyperkalemia
In DKA, acidosis causes potassium to shift out of cells into the blood,
resulting in hyperkalemia despite total body potassium depletion.
5. What is the primary pathological change in chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD)?
a) Alveolar wall destruction and airway inflammation
b) Pulmonary edema
c) Bronchospasm with normal alveolar structure
d) Pulmonary embolism
a) Alveolar wall destruction and airway inflammation
COPD includes emphysema (alveolar destruction) and chronic bronchitis
(airway inflammation), leading to airflow limitation.
6. Which hormone imbalance is commonly seen in primary
hypothyroidism?
a) Increased T3 and T4
b) Decreased TSH
c) Increased TSH
d) Increased cortisol
, c) Increased TSH
Primary hypothyroidism leads to decreased thyroid hormones, which
causes feedback increase in TSH.
7. What causes the clinical manifestations of multiple sclerosis?
a) Autoimmune demyelination of CNS neurons
b) Neurodegeneration of peripheral nerves
c) Ischemic injury of brain tissue
d) Infection of the meninges
a) Autoimmune demyelination of CNS neurons
MS involves immune-mediated destruction of myelin in the CNS causing
neurological symptoms.
8. What is the primary cause of metabolic acidosis with an increased
anion gap?
a) Loss of bicarbonate through diarrhea
b) Renal tubular acidosis
c) Lactic acidosis or ketoacidosis
d) Hyperchloremia
c) Lactic acidosis or ketoacidosis
Increased anion gap metabolic acidosis occurs when acids accumulate,
such as lactate or ketone bodies.
9. In chronic kidney disease, what is the main cause of secondary
hyperparathyroidism?
FINAL Exam Review 1 South College
Questions And Correct Answers
(Verified Answers) Plus Rationales 2025
Q&A | Instant Download PDF
1. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of Type 1
Diabetes Mellitus?
a) Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
b) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
c) Excessive hepatic glucose production
d) Increased insulin secretion from pancreas
b) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing
beta cells, leading to absolute insulin deficiency.
, 2. What is the primary mechanism behind the development of
atherosclerosis?
a) Infection of arterial wall
b) Accumulation of cholesterol and inflammatory cells in the arterial
intima
c) Vasospasm of coronary arteries
d) Autoimmune attack on endothelial cells
b) Accumulation of cholesterol and inflammatory cells in the arterial
intima
Atherosclerosis begins with endothelial injury, leading to lipid
accumulation and inflammation within the arterial wall.
3. In congestive heart failure, which compensatory mechanism initially
maintains cardiac output?
a) Decreased sympathetic nervous system activity
b) Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
c) Decreased preload
d) Decreased heart rate
b) Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
RAAS activation increases blood volume and vasoconstriction to maintain
cardiac output but can worsen heart failure long term.
4. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
a) Hyperkalemia
, b) Hypokalemia
c) Hypernatremia
d) Hyponatremia
a) Hyperkalemia
In DKA, acidosis causes potassium to shift out of cells into the blood,
resulting in hyperkalemia despite total body potassium depletion.
5. What is the primary pathological change in chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD)?
a) Alveolar wall destruction and airway inflammation
b) Pulmonary edema
c) Bronchospasm with normal alveolar structure
d) Pulmonary embolism
a) Alveolar wall destruction and airway inflammation
COPD includes emphysema (alveolar destruction) and chronic bronchitis
(airway inflammation), leading to airflow limitation.
6. Which hormone imbalance is commonly seen in primary
hypothyroidism?
a) Increased T3 and T4
b) Decreased TSH
c) Increased TSH
d) Increased cortisol
, c) Increased TSH
Primary hypothyroidism leads to decreased thyroid hormones, which
causes feedback increase in TSH.
7. What causes the clinical manifestations of multiple sclerosis?
a) Autoimmune demyelination of CNS neurons
b) Neurodegeneration of peripheral nerves
c) Ischemic injury of brain tissue
d) Infection of the meninges
a) Autoimmune demyelination of CNS neurons
MS involves immune-mediated destruction of myelin in the CNS causing
neurological symptoms.
8. What is the primary cause of metabolic acidosis with an increased
anion gap?
a) Loss of bicarbonate through diarrhea
b) Renal tubular acidosis
c) Lactic acidosis or ketoacidosis
d) Hyperchloremia
c) Lactic acidosis or ketoacidosis
Increased anion gap metabolic acidosis occurs when acids accumulate,
such as lactate or ketone bodies.
9. In chronic kidney disease, what is the main cause of secondary
hyperparathyroidism?
