Biology 108 Yates Test 2 Study Guide
Anaerobic vs. aerobic respiration - ANS-Anaerobic: does not require energy
-occurs when enough oxygen reaches cells to support their energy needs
Aerobic: requires oxygen
-occurs when enough oxygen reaches cells to support their energy needs
asexual vs. sexual reproduction - ANS--Asexual: single-celled organisms produce by simple
cell division, no fertilization of an egg by sperm
-Sexual: requires fertilization of an egg by a sperm using a special type of cell division called
meiosis
Examples of producers/autotrophs and consumers/heterotrophs -
ANS-producers/autotrophs: plants
consumers/heterotrophs: animals and humans
Haploid vs. diploid - ANS-haploid: egg/sperm (1 member of each pair, 23)
diploid: a pair of homologous chromosomes after fertilization How do chromosomes line up
in Anaphase I of meiosis? Anaphase II? - ANS-Anaphase I: 46 chromosomes
Anaphase II: 23 chromosomes
How do chromosomes line up in Metaphase I of meiosis? Metaphase II? -
ANS--Metaphase I: 46 chromosomes
-Metaphase II: 23 chromosomes
How do we measure energy? Why? - ANS--measured in temperature
-measuring of kinetic energy where there is heat
How do you get energy from ATP? - ANS-release of phosphate at the tail and transfers to
power cells, ADP
ANS-ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is how you make a reaction that needs energy. How
does an enzyme inhibitor work? - ANS-a chemical interferes with an enzyme's activity by
acting as a substrate imposter and changing the enzyme's shape, either by plugging up the
active site or binding to another site on the enzyme
How is cytokinesis different in plants and animals - ANS-Animals: cleavage furrow
Plants: form cell plate
How many ATP's does glycolysis produce? - ANS-2
How many cells do you begin and end with for mitosis and meiosis? - ANS-mitosis: 1>2
meiosis: 1>4
ANS-46: How many chromosomes do humans have? How many times does DNA replicate
in mitosis? - ANS-once
How many times does the DNA replicate in meiosis? - ANS-once
How much energy is made from Cellular Respiration? - ANS-Glycolysis: 2
Citric Acid Cycle: 2
ETS: 28; 38 max per glucose
How much energy is made in anaerobic respiration? - ANS-2 ATP per glucose
Know where the reactants and products of cellular respiration and photosynthesis come
from and are used - ANS-Photosynthesis:
Sunlight's energy CO2 from air through leaves
H2O from soil through roots
, Cellular Respiration:
Glucose and oxygen to make ATP
CO2 and H2O are waste products
Somatic vs. Germ cells - ANS-Somatic: body cells
Germ: reproductive cells
What are alternative forms of photosynthesis? - ANS-C3: uses CO2 directly from the air
C4 (sugarcane): close their stomata to save water during hot and dry weather. Can still
carry out photosynthesis
CAM plants: open their stomata only at night to conserve water
What are homologous chromosomes? - ANS-matching pairs of chromosomes
What are sister chromatids? - ANS-two copies of each chromosome which contain identical
genes
What are some important differences between mitosis and meiosis? ANS-Mitosis has 46
genetically identical chromosomes and a single division. Meiosis: 23 chromosomes
(haploid), crossing over, 2 divisions
What are some of the causes of cancer? - ANS--random mutation in DNA
-chemical or physical mutation in DNA
-virus
-inherited defective gene can predispose someone to cancer
What are some products of anaerobic respiration? - ANS-Humans: lactic acid
Yeast: CO2 and ethanol
What are the different types of energy? - ANS-Potential: stored energy
Kinetic: energy in motion
What phases of the cell cycle are there? What happens in each? - ANS--G1 phase: part of
interphase. Cell grows in size and synthesizes mRNA and proteins in preparation for
subsequent steps leading to mitosis
-S phase: DNA synthesis. replicating DNA. Occurs in the nucleus
-Interphase: DNA replicates and duplicates
-Mitotic phase
-Mitosis
-Cytokinesis
What are the phases of mitosis? What takes place in each? ANS: Interphase is the resting
phase of cell growth and metabolism. DNA replicates and duplicates
-Prophase: chromosomes become visible in the center of the cell and the centrioles
separate and begin forming a spindle fiber apparatus
-Metaphase: centrioles are at opposite poles, replicated chromosomes line up at the
equator and spindle fibers attach to centromeres that hold chromatids together.
-Anaphase: pulls apart. shortest phase of mitosis. The spindle fibers shorten and pull
chromatids to opposite poles
-Telophase/Cytokinesis: chromosomes reach opposite poles of the cell, reversal of many
prophase events occurs, chromosome uncoil and decondense to become threadlike
chromatin and a nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes and cytoplasmic division. A
cleavage furrow forms as cell membrane pinches inward
What are the steps of photosynthesis? - ANS--light reactions convert solar energy to
chemical energy
-Calvin Cycle makes sugar from CO2
Anaerobic vs. aerobic respiration - ANS-Anaerobic: does not require energy
-occurs when enough oxygen reaches cells to support their energy needs
Aerobic: requires oxygen
-occurs when enough oxygen reaches cells to support their energy needs
asexual vs. sexual reproduction - ANS--Asexual: single-celled organisms produce by simple
cell division, no fertilization of an egg by sperm
-Sexual: requires fertilization of an egg by a sperm using a special type of cell division called
meiosis
Examples of producers/autotrophs and consumers/heterotrophs -
ANS-producers/autotrophs: plants
consumers/heterotrophs: animals and humans
Haploid vs. diploid - ANS-haploid: egg/sperm (1 member of each pair, 23)
diploid: a pair of homologous chromosomes after fertilization How do chromosomes line up
in Anaphase I of meiosis? Anaphase II? - ANS-Anaphase I: 46 chromosomes
Anaphase II: 23 chromosomes
How do chromosomes line up in Metaphase I of meiosis? Metaphase II? -
ANS--Metaphase I: 46 chromosomes
-Metaphase II: 23 chromosomes
How do we measure energy? Why? - ANS--measured in temperature
-measuring of kinetic energy where there is heat
How do you get energy from ATP? - ANS-release of phosphate at the tail and transfers to
power cells, ADP
ANS-ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is how you make a reaction that needs energy. How
does an enzyme inhibitor work? - ANS-a chemical interferes with an enzyme's activity by
acting as a substrate imposter and changing the enzyme's shape, either by plugging up the
active site or binding to another site on the enzyme
How is cytokinesis different in plants and animals - ANS-Animals: cleavage furrow
Plants: form cell plate
How many ATP's does glycolysis produce? - ANS-2
How many cells do you begin and end with for mitosis and meiosis? - ANS-mitosis: 1>2
meiosis: 1>4
ANS-46: How many chromosomes do humans have? How many times does DNA replicate
in mitosis? - ANS-once
How many times does the DNA replicate in meiosis? - ANS-once
How much energy is made from Cellular Respiration? - ANS-Glycolysis: 2
Citric Acid Cycle: 2
ETS: 28; 38 max per glucose
How much energy is made in anaerobic respiration? - ANS-2 ATP per glucose
Know where the reactants and products of cellular respiration and photosynthesis come
from and are used - ANS-Photosynthesis:
Sunlight's energy CO2 from air through leaves
H2O from soil through roots
, Cellular Respiration:
Glucose and oxygen to make ATP
CO2 and H2O are waste products
Somatic vs. Germ cells - ANS-Somatic: body cells
Germ: reproductive cells
What are alternative forms of photosynthesis? - ANS-C3: uses CO2 directly from the air
C4 (sugarcane): close their stomata to save water during hot and dry weather. Can still
carry out photosynthesis
CAM plants: open their stomata only at night to conserve water
What are homologous chromosomes? - ANS-matching pairs of chromosomes
What are sister chromatids? - ANS-two copies of each chromosome which contain identical
genes
What are some important differences between mitosis and meiosis? ANS-Mitosis has 46
genetically identical chromosomes and a single division. Meiosis: 23 chromosomes
(haploid), crossing over, 2 divisions
What are some of the causes of cancer? - ANS--random mutation in DNA
-chemical or physical mutation in DNA
-virus
-inherited defective gene can predispose someone to cancer
What are some products of anaerobic respiration? - ANS-Humans: lactic acid
Yeast: CO2 and ethanol
What are the different types of energy? - ANS-Potential: stored energy
Kinetic: energy in motion
What phases of the cell cycle are there? What happens in each? - ANS--G1 phase: part of
interphase. Cell grows in size and synthesizes mRNA and proteins in preparation for
subsequent steps leading to mitosis
-S phase: DNA synthesis. replicating DNA. Occurs in the nucleus
-Interphase: DNA replicates and duplicates
-Mitotic phase
-Mitosis
-Cytokinesis
What are the phases of mitosis? What takes place in each? ANS: Interphase is the resting
phase of cell growth and metabolism. DNA replicates and duplicates
-Prophase: chromosomes become visible in the center of the cell and the centrioles
separate and begin forming a spindle fiber apparatus
-Metaphase: centrioles are at opposite poles, replicated chromosomes line up at the
equator and spindle fibers attach to centromeres that hold chromatids together.
-Anaphase: pulls apart. shortest phase of mitosis. The spindle fibers shorten and pull
chromatids to opposite poles
-Telophase/Cytokinesis: chromosomes reach opposite poles of the cell, reversal of many
prophase events occurs, chromosome uncoil and decondense to become threadlike
chromatin and a nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes and cytoplasmic division. A
cleavage furrow forms as cell membrane pinches inward
What are the steps of photosynthesis? - ANS--light reactions convert solar energy to
chemical energy
-Calvin Cycle makes sugar from CO2
