BSC 108: Exam #2
Contrast carbon fixation in C4 and CAM plants. - ANS-C4 plants separate carbon fixation
from the Calvin cycle spatially, whereas CAM plants do so using time.
Define heterozygous. - ANS-Heterozygous is when an organism has different alleles for a
gene.
Define homozygous. - ANS-Homozygous is when an organism has the same alleles for a
gene.
ANS: Muscles produce lactic acid so they can operate briefly without oxygen. Describe
fermentation in human muscle cells. Describe fermentation in microorganisms. -
ANS-Produces CO2 and Ethyl Alcohol as a result of anaerobically harvesting food energy.
Describe the cell cycle control system. - ANS-Prevents cells from reproducing too quickly or
too irregularly.
During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA duplicate? - ANS-Interphase.
Give two examples of plants that use C4 photosynthesis. - ANS-Corn and Sugar Cane.
How and where does carbon dioxide enter a plant? ANS: Stoma, or tiny holes in the leaf,
are where carbon dioxide enters plants. How and where does water enter a plant? -
ANS-Water enters hairs on the plant's roots through osmosis.
How do cancer cells differ from normal cells? - ANS-They do not respond normally to the
cell control system.
How does crossing over contribute to genetic diversity? - ANS-It leads to different
combinations of genes that may not have otherwise existed.
How does Meiosis I differ from Meiosis II? - ANS-Chromatids separate during Meiosis II,
whereas they stay together during Meiosis I.
How is your blood type determined? - ANS-Genes and alleles.
Is oxygen required for electron transport? - ANS-Yes.
Is oxygen required for Glycolysis? - ANS-No.
List the inputs of Glycolysis. - ANS-2 ATP and Glucose.
List the inputs of the Citric Acid Cycle. - ANS-Acetic acid, ADP+P, 3 NAD+, and FAD.
Identify the glycolysis outputs, which include ANS-2 pyruvic acid and 4 ATP. List the outputs
of the Citric Acid Cycle. - ANS-2 CO2, ATP, 3 NADH, and FADH2.
List three origins of genetic variation. - ANS-Random mutation, Sexual reproduction, and
Genetic drift.
List three ways in which meiosis differs from mitosis. - ANS-Homologous chromosomes
group together during the first stage of Meiosis, not Mitosis; Meiosis takes place in two
phases, unlike Mitosis, which happens in one; and Mitosis results in two daughter cells,
whereas Meiosis yields four.
State the Law of Independent Assortment: ANS: During gamete formation, each pair of
alleles segregates independently of the other pairs. State the law of segregation? - ANS-The
two members of an allele pair segregate (separate) from each other during the production of
gametes.
There are three main stages to the Calvin Cycle. Name the stages and summarize the
events of each stage. - ANS-Carbon Fixation, where plants attach carbon dioxide to a
Contrast carbon fixation in C4 and CAM plants. - ANS-C4 plants separate carbon fixation
from the Calvin cycle spatially, whereas CAM plants do so using time.
Define heterozygous. - ANS-Heterozygous is when an organism has different alleles for a
gene.
Define homozygous. - ANS-Homozygous is when an organism has the same alleles for a
gene.
ANS: Muscles produce lactic acid so they can operate briefly without oxygen. Describe
fermentation in human muscle cells. Describe fermentation in microorganisms. -
ANS-Produces CO2 and Ethyl Alcohol as a result of anaerobically harvesting food energy.
Describe the cell cycle control system. - ANS-Prevents cells from reproducing too quickly or
too irregularly.
During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA duplicate? - ANS-Interphase.
Give two examples of plants that use C4 photosynthesis. - ANS-Corn and Sugar Cane.
How and where does carbon dioxide enter a plant? ANS: Stoma, or tiny holes in the leaf,
are where carbon dioxide enters plants. How and where does water enter a plant? -
ANS-Water enters hairs on the plant's roots through osmosis.
How do cancer cells differ from normal cells? - ANS-They do not respond normally to the
cell control system.
How does crossing over contribute to genetic diversity? - ANS-It leads to different
combinations of genes that may not have otherwise existed.
How does Meiosis I differ from Meiosis II? - ANS-Chromatids separate during Meiosis II,
whereas they stay together during Meiosis I.
How is your blood type determined? - ANS-Genes and alleles.
Is oxygen required for electron transport? - ANS-Yes.
Is oxygen required for Glycolysis? - ANS-No.
List the inputs of Glycolysis. - ANS-2 ATP and Glucose.
List the inputs of the Citric Acid Cycle. - ANS-Acetic acid, ADP+P, 3 NAD+, and FAD.
Identify the glycolysis outputs, which include ANS-2 pyruvic acid and 4 ATP. List the outputs
of the Citric Acid Cycle. - ANS-2 CO2, ATP, 3 NADH, and FADH2.
List three origins of genetic variation. - ANS-Random mutation, Sexual reproduction, and
Genetic drift.
List three ways in which meiosis differs from mitosis. - ANS-Homologous chromosomes
group together during the first stage of Meiosis, not Mitosis; Meiosis takes place in two
phases, unlike Mitosis, which happens in one; and Mitosis results in two daughter cells,
whereas Meiosis yields four.
State the Law of Independent Assortment: ANS: During gamete formation, each pair of
alleles segregates independently of the other pairs. State the law of segregation? - ANS-The
two members of an allele pair segregate (separate) from each other during the production of
gametes.
There are three main stages to the Calvin Cycle. Name the stages and summarize the
events of each stage. - ANS-Carbon Fixation, where plants attach carbon dioxide to a
