IDIS 199 STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔Risk Factors - ✔✔a biological, psychological, or sociological characteristic or
exposure which is associated with a higher likelihood of a negative outcome, can be
modifiable or nonmodifiable
✔✔Protective Factors - ✔✔characteristic or exposure which lowers likelihood of
negative outcomes
✔✔Stressors - ✔✔person, place or situation which causes a psychological strain or
tension
✔✔Resilience - ✔✔ability to adjust, adapt, overcome and cope with a disappointment,
stressor, threat or adverse event
✔✔Signs and Symptoms - ✔✔observable (signs) or experienced (symptoms) indicators
of being under stress, either distress the individual or impairs their ability to function
emotionally, socially or academically, can signal the emergence of an illness or problem
or can be circumstantial and short-lived
✔✔Psychodynamic Model - ✔✔Sigmund Freud - processes of the mind involve the
interplay of psychological forces and distress arises because the conscious
interpretation of the forces masks their true unconscious origin and the relationship with
the therapist is where these feelings can be made clearer, no evidence
✔✔Medical/Disease Model - ✔✔Emil Kraeplin - psychiatric illnesses were diseases
caused by biological and genetic malfunction, noted that illnesses ran in families and
differentiated dementia from mood disorders, views problems of mental illness from a
disease perspective with a biological basis at the core, emphasizes recovery through
somatic treatment, based on Aristotle, Galen, Hippocrates work
✔✔Behavioral model - ✔✔vPavlov, Watson, Skinner - how you behave day-to-day is
learned through reinforcement you receive for your actions, in anxiety disorders
maladaptive learning has taken place, in depression short term benefit of withdrawing
from things outweighed by the reduction of positive experience
✔✔Behavioral therapy - ✔✔aims to reverse learning by creating a less negative
association with the harmless stimulus for anxiety, focus on overcoming avoidance for
depression
✔✔Cognitive model - ✔✔Abraham, Selingman & Teasdale, Beck et. al, Brown and
harris - mental disorders are the result of error in thinking or biases, assumes that your
perspective of yourself and the world are the result of your thinking and therefore errors
or distortions in thought process can cause upset and disorders
, ✔✔Social Model - ✔✔focus on broad community-based influence on mental health like
social, cultural and environmental contexts, model emphasizes providing support
through addressing contributing factors
✔✔Cultural/minority model - ✔✔focuses on voices of experience in response to feeling
talked at or over in the social or medical models
✔✔Biopsychosocial model - ✔✔- George engel - emphasizes interacting roles of
biological factors, psychological factors, and social factors as contributors to mental
illness, 3 factors are not always equal
✔✔Osler Medical Humanist Model - ✔✔reminds us to take the whole person into
account and use a holistic approach
✔✔"That which does not kill us makes us stronger." - Friedrich Nietzsche - ✔✔Struggle
or discomfort is an opportunity to build and realize strength, extreme and overly
simplistic
✔✔"Like tiny seeds with potent power to push through tough ground and become
mighty trees, we hold innate reserves of unimaginable strength. We are resilient." -
Catherine Devrye - ✔✔Many resilient characteristics are not innate but rather results of
experience
✔✔Stress - ✔✔A state of emotional strain or unease, a normal response to the
demanding situations or pressures experienced in day to day life
Stress is adaptive and small amounts of it can be positive
Exam Stress - can motivate you to study
Financial Stress - can help you avoid overspending
Social Stress - can motivate you to build new connections
✔✔Inverted U theory - ✔✔Shows the relationship between pressure and performance
Low pressure - results in boredom and weak performance, as pressure increases
attention does as well
Optimal performance - more pressure can result in an improvement of performance and
help prepare to cope effectively for a challenge
High pressure - performance decreases, high anxiety associated with impaired
performance and destress
✔✔Flow Theory - ✔✔When you are caught up in what you are doing and lose sense of
self or track of time
Flow states are powerful for increasing happiness and well-being and can counteract
worry and stress
Flow states likely when: only focus on the task and stay present in the moment, do one
thing at a time, remove distractions, focus on the process instead of the outcome,
ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔Risk Factors - ✔✔a biological, psychological, or sociological characteristic or
exposure which is associated with a higher likelihood of a negative outcome, can be
modifiable or nonmodifiable
✔✔Protective Factors - ✔✔characteristic or exposure which lowers likelihood of
negative outcomes
✔✔Stressors - ✔✔person, place or situation which causes a psychological strain or
tension
✔✔Resilience - ✔✔ability to adjust, adapt, overcome and cope with a disappointment,
stressor, threat or adverse event
✔✔Signs and Symptoms - ✔✔observable (signs) or experienced (symptoms) indicators
of being under stress, either distress the individual or impairs their ability to function
emotionally, socially or academically, can signal the emergence of an illness or problem
or can be circumstantial and short-lived
✔✔Psychodynamic Model - ✔✔Sigmund Freud - processes of the mind involve the
interplay of psychological forces and distress arises because the conscious
interpretation of the forces masks their true unconscious origin and the relationship with
the therapist is where these feelings can be made clearer, no evidence
✔✔Medical/Disease Model - ✔✔Emil Kraeplin - psychiatric illnesses were diseases
caused by biological and genetic malfunction, noted that illnesses ran in families and
differentiated dementia from mood disorders, views problems of mental illness from a
disease perspective with a biological basis at the core, emphasizes recovery through
somatic treatment, based on Aristotle, Galen, Hippocrates work
✔✔Behavioral model - ✔✔vPavlov, Watson, Skinner - how you behave day-to-day is
learned through reinforcement you receive for your actions, in anxiety disorders
maladaptive learning has taken place, in depression short term benefit of withdrawing
from things outweighed by the reduction of positive experience
✔✔Behavioral therapy - ✔✔aims to reverse learning by creating a less negative
association with the harmless stimulus for anxiety, focus on overcoming avoidance for
depression
✔✔Cognitive model - ✔✔Abraham, Selingman & Teasdale, Beck et. al, Brown and
harris - mental disorders are the result of error in thinking or biases, assumes that your
perspective of yourself and the world are the result of your thinking and therefore errors
or distortions in thought process can cause upset and disorders
, ✔✔Social Model - ✔✔focus on broad community-based influence on mental health like
social, cultural and environmental contexts, model emphasizes providing support
through addressing contributing factors
✔✔Cultural/minority model - ✔✔focuses on voices of experience in response to feeling
talked at or over in the social or medical models
✔✔Biopsychosocial model - ✔✔- George engel - emphasizes interacting roles of
biological factors, psychological factors, and social factors as contributors to mental
illness, 3 factors are not always equal
✔✔Osler Medical Humanist Model - ✔✔reminds us to take the whole person into
account and use a holistic approach
✔✔"That which does not kill us makes us stronger." - Friedrich Nietzsche - ✔✔Struggle
or discomfort is an opportunity to build and realize strength, extreme and overly
simplistic
✔✔"Like tiny seeds with potent power to push through tough ground and become
mighty trees, we hold innate reserves of unimaginable strength. We are resilient." -
Catherine Devrye - ✔✔Many resilient characteristics are not innate but rather results of
experience
✔✔Stress - ✔✔A state of emotional strain or unease, a normal response to the
demanding situations or pressures experienced in day to day life
Stress is adaptive and small amounts of it can be positive
Exam Stress - can motivate you to study
Financial Stress - can help you avoid overspending
Social Stress - can motivate you to build new connections
✔✔Inverted U theory - ✔✔Shows the relationship between pressure and performance
Low pressure - results in boredom and weak performance, as pressure increases
attention does as well
Optimal performance - more pressure can result in an improvement of performance and
help prepare to cope effectively for a challenge
High pressure - performance decreases, high anxiety associated with impaired
performance and destress
✔✔Flow Theory - ✔✔When you are caught up in what you are doing and lose sense of
self or track of time
Flow states are powerful for increasing happiness and well-being and can counteract
worry and stress
Flow states likely when: only focus on the task and stay present in the moment, do one
thing at a time, remove distractions, focus on the process instead of the outcome,
