Essentials of Understanding Psychology-
Feldman Chapter 6
encoding - ANS the initial process of recording information in a form usable to memory
storage - ANS the maintenance of material saved in memory
retrieval - ANS material in memory storage being located and brought to awareness to be
useful
memory - ANS the process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information
sensory memory - ANS the initial, momentary storage of information, lasting only an instant
short term memory - ANS memory that holds info for 15 to 25 seconds, and stores it according
to its meaning rather than as mere sensory stimulation
long term memory - ANS memory that stores information on a relatively permanent basis,
although it may be difficult to retrieve
iconic memory - ANS reflects information from the visual system
echoic memory - ANS stores auditory information coming from the ears
George Sperling - ANS psychologist that demonstrated the existence of sensory memory
throughout a series of 12 letters
chunk - ANS a grouping of info that can be stored in short-term memory
rehearsal - ANS the repetition of info that has entered short-term memory
elaborative rehearsal - ANS occurs when the info is considered and organized in some fashion
mnemonics - ANS formal techniques for organizing info in a way that makes it more likely to be
remembered
working memory - ANS a memory system that holds information temporarily while actively
manipulating and rehearsing that info
central executive processor - ANS involved in reasoning and decision making
visual store - ANS specializes in visual and spatial info
, verbal store - ANS holds and manipulates material relating to speech, words, and numbers
episodic buffer - ANS contains info that represents episodes or events
serial position effect - ANS the ability to recall information in a list depends on where in the list
an item appears
primacy effect - ANS items presented early in a list are remembered better
recency effect - ANS items presented late in a list are remembered better
declarative memory - ANS memory for factual information: names, faces, dates, and the like
procedural memory (nondeclarative memory) - ANS memory for skills and habits, such as
riding a bike or hitting a baseball
semantic memory - ANS memory for general knowledge and facts about the world, as well as
memory for the rules of logic that are used to deduce other facts.
episodic memory - ANS memory for events that occurring a particular time, place, or context
semantic networks - ANS mental representations of clusters of interconnected information
engram - ANS physical memory trace in the brain that corresponds to a memory
hippocampus - ANS part of the brain's limbic system that plays a central role in the
consolidation of memories
amygdala - ANS part of the limbic system that also plays an important role in memory, and is
involved with memories involving emotion
long-term potentiation - ANS shows that certain neural pathways become easily excited while
a new response is being learned
consolidation - ANS process of when memories become fixed and stable in long-term memory.
tip of the tongue phenomenon - ANS the inability to recall information that one realizes one
knows- a result of the difficulty of retrieving information from long-term memory
recall - ANS memory task in which specific information must be retrieved
recognition - ANS memory task in which individuals are presented with a stimulus and asked
whether they have been exposed to it in the past or to identify it from a list of alternatives
Feldman Chapter 6
encoding - ANS the initial process of recording information in a form usable to memory
storage - ANS the maintenance of material saved in memory
retrieval - ANS material in memory storage being located and brought to awareness to be
useful
memory - ANS the process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information
sensory memory - ANS the initial, momentary storage of information, lasting only an instant
short term memory - ANS memory that holds info for 15 to 25 seconds, and stores it according
to its meaning rather than as mere sensory stimulation
long term memory - ANS memory that stores information on a relatively permanent basis,
although it may be difficult to retrieve
iconic memory - ANS reflects information from the visual system
echoic memory - ANS stores auditory information coming from the ears
George Sperling - ANS psychologist that demonstrated the existence of sensory memory
throughout a series of 12 letters
chunk - ANS a grouping of info that can be stored in short-term memory
rehearsal - ANS the repetition of info that has entered short-term memory
elaborative rehearsal - ANS occurs when the info is considered and organized in some fashion
mnemonics - ANS formal techniques for organizing info in a way that makes it more likely to be
remembered
working memory - ANS a memory system that holds information temporarily while actively
manipulating and rehearsing that info
central executive processor - ANS involved in reasoning and decision making
visual store - ANS specializes in visual and spatial info
, verbal store - ANS holds and manipulates material relating to speech, words, and numbers
episodic buffer - ANS contains info that represents episodes or events
serial position effect - ANS the ability to recall information in a list depends on where in the list
an item appears
primacy effect - ANS items presented early in a list are remembered better
recency effect - ANS items presented late in a list are remembered better
declarative memory - ANS memory for factual information: names, faces, dates, and the like
procedural memory (nondeclarative memory) - ANS memory for skills and habits, such as
riding a bike or hitting a baseball
semantic memory - ANS memory for general knowledge and facts about the world, as well as
memory for the rules of logic that are used to deduce other facts.
episodic memory - ANS memory for events that occurring a particular time, place, or context
semantic networks - ANS mental representations of clusters of interconnected information
engram - ANS physical memory trace in the brain that corresponds to a memory
hippocampus - ANS part of the brain's limbic system that plays a central role in the
consolidation of memories
amygdala - ANS part of the limbic system that also plays an important role in memory, and is
involved with memories involving emotion
long-term potentiation - ANS shows that certain neural pathways become easily excited while
a new response is being learned
consolidation - ANS process of when memories become fixed and stable in long-term memory.
tip of the tongue phenomenon - ANS the inability to recall information that one realizes one
knows- a result of the difficulty of retrieving information from long-term memory
recall - ANS memory task in which specific information must be retrieved
recognition - ANS memory task in which individuals are presented with a stimulus and asked
whether they have been exposed to it in the past or to identify it from a list of alternatives
