NURS 3550 Final Exam with precise answers
| | | | | |
define |the |elements |in |a |PICO |format |- |✔✔P: |population
I: |intervention
C: |comparison
O: |outcome |
used |for |qualitative |and |quantitative |questions
define |the |elements |in |a |PICOT |format |- |✔✔P: |population
I: |intervention
C: |comparison |or |clinical |issue |of |interest
O: |outcome |
T: |time |frame |
can |be |used |in |quantitative |questions
define |the |elements |of |a |PICo |format |- |✔✔PI: |population/phenonemon |of |interest
Co: |comparison
can |be |used |in |qualitative |questions
what |factors |are |involves |in |choosing |a |priority |clinical |question |- |✔✔- |high-risk |problems |(patient |
safety |such |as |falls)
- |high |volume |problems |(need |a |lot |of |dressings |for |a |large |weeping |wound)
- |is |it |going |to |cost |a |lot? |(finding |different |materials |(cheaper) |for |the |same |effectiveness
background |question |- |✔✔usually |consist |of |general |information |questions |(what, |when, |where, |why,
|how) |outcome |==> |uses |textbook |to |find |evidence
,foreground |question |- |✔✔can |be |answered |from |a |scientific |knowledge |about |diagnosis, |therapy, |
treatments, |tests, |ethology, |and |prognosis |(usually |in |the |format |of |a |PICOT |question)
quantitative |questions |- |✔✔intervention, |prognosis, |diagnosis, |etiology |questions
qualitative |questions |- |✔✔meaning |questions |(influence |on |healthcare)
importance |of |developing |searchable |questions |- |✔✔- |can |give |you |a |starting |point |to |find |an |answer
|to |the |problem
can |help |us |know |the |correct |way |to |do |things |and |if |that's |what |we |should |be |doing |(can |help |us |
form |a |focused |question)
asking |a |wrong |question |can |lead |to |- |✔✔- |no |info
- |impact |on |implementation |to |practice
- |lead |to |bias |
- |impact |the |users |understanding
independent |variable |- |✔✔the |cause, |influence, |risk |factors, |and |interventions
dependent |variable |- |✔✔the |variable |that |changes, |the |outcome |that |is |made
SPIDER |framework |- |✔✔S: |sample/population |of |interest
PI: |Phenomenon |of |Interest: |how |and |why |certain |experiences, |behaviours |and |decisions |are |
occurring |
D: |design |(research |methodology |of |interest; |survey |or |questionnaire)
E: |evaluation |=> |subjective |outcomes |like |views, |attitudes |(the |emotion |behind |it)
R: |research; |either |qualitative |or |mixed-method
what |is |the |spirit |of |curiosity/inquiry |and |how |does |it |relate |to |EIP? |- |✔✔the |spirit |of |inquiry |is |group
|zero |(before |the |EIP |process |begins)
,- |this |is |when |we |are |working |in |cultures |of |curiosity |where |we |feel |safe |to |question |and |be |curious
if |we |are |uncertain |about |things, |we |often |feel |stuck |with |not |knowing
pre-appraised |literature |- |✔✔when |we |have |the |goal |to |not |recognize |it |is |put |together |and |make |
directions |according |to |the |information
- |this |is |evidence |that |has |been |selected |from |primary |studies |and |evaluated |for |use |by |clinicians |
- |primary |research |has |not |been |analyzed |and |there |are |no |written |directions |for |them |in |the |study |
yet
what |is |the |evidence |pyramid |- |✔✔primary |original |research |(bottom): |studies |(cohort |studies, |RCT, |
case-control |studies)
secondary |(pre-appraised) |research:
- |syntheses |(systematic |reviews)
- |synopses |(critically-appraised |journal |articles)
- |summaries |(critically |appraised |topics, |evidence-based |guidelines)
- |systems |(best |practice!) |==> |computerized |decision |support
purpose |of |systematic |review |- |✔✔- |methodological |scholarly |inquiry |
- |often |known |as |a |study |in |itself |
- |usually |a |process |to |formulate |a |summary |of |the |evidence
what |kind |of |evidence |does |a |systematic |review |generate? |- |✔✔gold-standard |evidence |based |
information
key |elements |of |a |systematic |review |- |✔✔- |clearly |stated |objectives: |PICO |or |PICo |question
- |explicit, |reproducible |methodology: |looking |for |particular |things, |timeframe, |date |inclusion
- |explain |using |a |systematic |search |to |identify |'all |studies'
method |to |assess |risk |of |bias, |summary |of |measures |identified, |and |identification |about |how |data |is |
combined |
- |results: |a |systematic |presentation |of |the |synthesis |of |findings |
, - |# |of |studies |screened |and |characteristics
- |discussion: |what |did |they |find?
- |limitations
- |funding
meta-analysis |- |✔✔a |higher |form |of |a |systematic |review. |involves |statistical |integration |of |primary |
quantitative |studies |and |observed |patterns |that |were |not |previously |detected
Meta |analysis |vs |systematic |review |- |✔✔looks |at |patterns, |sees |what |the |data |supports, |and |
randomized |controlled |trials |that |are |all |pooled |together
forrest |plot |- |✔✔a |diagram |that |represents |the |results |of |trials, |along |with |their |confidence |intervals
- |compares |the |results |of |studies |of |the |same |hypothesis
tells |us |if |the |intervention |had |a |big |or |little |effect |that |is |shown |in |the |diagram
clinical |practice |guidelines |- |✔✔directly |linked |to |having |better |practices |
- |often |developed |fro |big |organizations |(Diabetes |Canada)
key |points |of |clinical |practice |guideline |- |✔✔- |flexibility |(take |into |consideration |context |and |
population)
- |based |on |a |rigorous |review |of |SR |and |primary |studies |
- |specific |diagnosis, |treatments, |procedures, |and |processes |of |care |
- |reduce |unnecessary |variations |in |clinical |practice
features |of |clinical |practice |guidelines |- |✔✔- |recommendations |made |for |practice |based |on |
systematic |reviews |of |evidence |along |with |benefits |and |harms |
- |the |strength |and |quality |of |the |evidence |may |vary |for |each |recommendation
- |can |be |too |many |guidelines |for |one |topic |
- |can |be |differences |in |rigour |of |development |and |interpretation |of |evidence |resulting |in |different |or |
conflicting |recommendations
| | | | | |
define |the |elements |in |a |PICO |format |- |✔✔P: |population
I: |intervention
C: |comparison
O: |outcome |
used |for |qualitative |and |quantitative |questions
define |the |elements |in |a |PICOT |format |- |✔✔P: |population
I: |intervention
C: |comparison |or |clinical |issue |of |interest
O: |outcome |
T: |time |frame |
can |be |used |in |quantitative |questions
define |the |elements |of |a |PICo |format |- |✔✔PI: |population/phenonemon |of |interest
Co: |comparison
can |be |used |in |qualitative |questions
what |factors |are |involves |in |choosing |a |priority |clinical |question |- |✔✔- |high-risk |problems |(patient |
safety |such |as |falls)
- |high |volume |problems |(need |a |lot |of |dressings |for |a |large |weeping |wound)
- |is |it |going |to |cost |a |lot? |(finding |different |materials |(cheaper) |for |the |same |effectiveness
background |question |- |✔✔usually |consist |of |general |information |questions |(what, |when, |where, |why,
|how) |outcome |==> |uses |textbook |to |find |evidence
,foreground |question |- |✔✔can |be |answered |from |a |scientific |knowledge |about |diagnosis, |therapy, |
treatments, |tests, |ethology, |and |prognosis |(usually |in |the |format |of |a |PICOT |question)
quantitative |questions |- |✔✔intervention, |prognosis, |diagnosis, |etiology |questions
qualitative |questions |- |✔✔meaning |questions |(influence |on |healthcare)
importance |of |developing |searchable |questions |- |✔✔- |can |give |you |a |starting |point |to |find |an |answer
|to |the |problem
can |help |us |know |the |correct |way |to |do |things |and |if |that's |what |we |should |be |doing |(can |help |us |
form |a |focused |question)
asking |a |wrong |question |can |lead |to |- |✔✔- |no |info
- |impact |on |implementation |to |practice
- |lead |to |bias |
- |impact |the |users |understanding
independent |variable |- |✔✔the |cause, |influence, |risk |factors, |and |interventions
dependent |variable |- |✔✔the |variable |that |changes, |the |outcome |that |is |made
SPIDER |framework |- |✔✔S: |sample/population |of |interest
PI: |Phenomenon |of |Interest: |how |and |why |certain |experiences, |behaviours |and |decisions |are |
occurring |
D: |design |(research |methodology |of |interest; |survey |or |questionnaire)
E: |evaluation |=> |subjective |outcomes |like |views, |attitudes |(the |emotion |behind |it)
R: |research; |either |qualitative |or |mixed-method
what |is |the |spirit |of |curiosity/inquiry |and |how |does |it |relate |to |EIP? |- |✔✔the |spirit |of |inquiry |is |group
|zero |(before |the |EIP |process |begins)
,- |this |is |when |we |are |working |in |cultures |of |curiosity |where |we |feel |safe |to |question |and |be |curious
if |we |are |uncertain |about |things, |we |often |feel |stuck |with |not |knowing
pre-appraised |literature |- |✔✔when |we |have |the |goal |to |not |recognize |it |is |put |together |and |make |
directions |according |to |the |information
- |this |is |evidence |that |has |been |selected |from |primary |studies |and |evaluated |for |use |by |clinicians |
- |primary |research |has |not |been |analyzed |and |there |are |no |written |directions |for |them |in |the |study |
yet
what |is |the |evidence |pyramid |- |✔✔primary |original |research |(bottom): |studies |(cohort |studies, |RCT, |
case-control |studies)
secondary |(pre-appraised) |research:
- |syntheses |(systematic |reviews)
- |synopses |(critically-appraised |journal |articles)
- |summaries |(critically |appraised |topics, |evidence-based |guidelines)
- |systems |(best |practice!) |==> |computerized |decision |support
purpose |of |systematic |review |- |✔✔- |methodological |scholarly |inquiry |
- |often |known |as |a |study |in |itself |
- |usually |a |process |to |formulate |a |summary |of |the |evidence
what |kind |of |evidence |does |a |systematic |review |generate? |- |✔✔gold-standard |evidence |based |
information
key |elements |of |a |systematic |review |- |✔✔- |clearly |stated |objectives: |PICO |or |PICo |question
- |explicit, |reproducible |methodology: |looking |for |particular |things, |timeframe, |date |inclusion
- |explain |using |a |systematic |search |to |identify |'all |studies'
method |to |assess |risk |of |bias, |summary |of |measures |identified, |and |identification |about |how |data |is |
combined |
- |results: |a |systematic |presentation |of |the |synthesis |of |findings |
, - |# |of |studies |screened |and |characteristics
- |discussion: |what |did |they |find?
- |limitations
- |funding
meta-analysis |- |✔✔a |higher |form |of |a |systematic |review. |involves |statistical |integration |of |primary |
quantitative |studies |and |observed |patterns |that |were |not |previously |detected
Meta |analysis |vs |systematic |review |- |✔✔looks |at |patterns, |sees |what |the |data |supports, |and |
randomized |controlled |trials |that |are |all |pooled |together
forrest |plot |- |✔✔a |diagram |that |represents |the |results |of |trials, |along |with |their |confidence |intervals
- |compares |the |results |of |studies |of |the |same |hypothesis
tells |us |if |the |intervention |had |a |big |or |little |effect |that |is |shown |in |the |diagram
clinical |practice |guidelines |- |✔✔directly |linked |to |having |better |practices |
- |often |developed |fro |big |organizations |(Diabetes |Canada)
key |points |of |clinical |practice |guideline |- |✔✔- |flexibility |(take |into |consideration |context |and |
population)
- |based |on |a |rigorous |review |of |SR |and |primary |studies |
- |specific |diagnosis, |treatments, |procedures, |and |processes |of |care |
- |reduce |unnecessary |variations |in |clinical |practice
features |of |clinical |practice |guidelines |- |✔✔- |recommendations |made |for |practice |based |on |
systematic |reviews |of |evidence |along |with |benefits |and |harms |
- |the |strength |and |quality |of |the |evidence |may |vary |for |each |recommendation
- |can |be |too |many |guidelines |for |one |topic |
- |can |be |differences |in |rigour |of |development |and |interpretation |of |evidence |resulting |in |different |or |
conflicting |recommendations
