BIOLOGY 1500 EXAM 4 (NATHAN
MILLS) QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
what is analogy/convergence - ANSWER-possession by 2 or more taxonomic groups
of a characteristic that is not derived from a common ancestor
-characteristics are often called homoplasies
how have phylogenetics been revolutionized in recent years - ANSWER--by genetic
sequencing
-by high powered statistical analyses
genetic sequencing allows us to.... - ANSWER-use homologous genetic sequences
high powered statistical analyses all us to... - ANSWER-incorporate more info into
building our phylogenies
what is necessary when building a phylogeny for a group of organisms - ANSWER-to
have an outgroup to anchor the phylogeny
what is ingroup - ANSWER-closely related group of organisms for which we wish to
determine evolutionary relationships
what is outgroup - ANSWER-an organism related to the ingroup but known to have
diverged before the lineage containing the ingroup
-provides insights into the ancestral characteristics of the ingroup
what is impossible when there is no proper outgroup - ANSWER-to determine
shared ancestral vs shared derived characteristics
what is the best phylogeny once a phylogeny has been anchored - ANSWER-the
one that requires the fewest evolutionary changes
what is maximum parsimony - ANSWER-assumes that the tree that requires the
fewest evolutionary events (appearances of shared derived characters) is the best
additional lines of evidence may cause us to conclude what? - ANSWER-that the
best phylogeny is actually one that is more complex (requires evolutionary changes)
3 phylogenetic groups - ANSWER-monophyletic
paraphyletic
polyphyletic
monophyletic - ANSWER-species that are all derived from a common ancestor and
includes all species derived from that common ancestor
DESIRABLE!
, paraphyletic - ANSWER-species that re all derived from a common ancestor but in
which the group does NOT contain all the species derived from that common
ancestor
-acceptable depending on scientist's approach
polyphyletic - ANSWER-species that are not all derived from a common ancestor
unacceptable!
why are phylogenies subject to change - ANSWER-they are working hypotheses that
will change as more data is gathered
some phylogenies are _______________ and some are ___________ - ANSWER-
relatively certain
very tentative
what are the competing approaches to modern classification - ANSWER-1.
traditional evolutionary taxonomy
2. phylogenetic systematics (Cladistics)
who championed Traditional Evolutionary Taxonomy - ANSWER-George Gaylord
Simpson
Ernst Mayr
traditional criteria for organizing life - ANSWER-1. classifications should reflect
common descent based on the presence of derived homologous characteristics
2. classifications should reflect the amount of adaptive evolutionary change
traditional taxa belief - ANSWER-may be either monophyletic or paraphyletic (not all
taxa are clades) and will reject polyphyletic groups
taxa synonym - ANSWER-clade
what does evolutionary taxonomy reject - ANSWER-polyphyletic groups
another name for phylogenetic systematics - ANSWER-cladistics
who championed phylogenetic systematics - ANSWER-Willi Hennig
criteria for organizing life in phylogenetic systematics - ANSWER-1. classifications
should reflect common descent based on derived homologous characteristics
belief of phylogenetic systematics - ANSWER-taxa must be monophyletic (all taxa
are clades) and will reject paraphyletic and polyphyletic groups
what does phylogenetic systematics reject - ANSWER-paraphyletic and polyphyletic
groups
which of the two modern classification approaches is becoming the dominate
approach - ANSWER-phylogenetic systematics
MILLS) QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
what is analogy/convergence - ANSWER-possession by 2 or more taxonomic groups
of a characteristic that is not derived from a common ancestor
-characteristics are often called homoplasies
how have phylogenetics been revolutionized in recent years - ANSWER--by genetic
sequencing
-by high powered statistical analyses
genetic sequencing allows us to.... - ANSWER-use homologous genetic sequences
high powered statistical analyses all us to... - ANSWER-incorporate more info into
building our phylogenies
what is necessary when building a phylogeny for a group of organisms - ANSWER-to
have an outgroup to anchor the phylogeny
what is ingroup - ANSWER-closely related group of organisms for which we wish to
determine evolutionary relationships
what is outgroup - ANSWER-an organism related to the ingroup but known to have
diverged before the lineage containing the ingroup
-provides insights into the ancestral characteristics of the ingroup
what is impossible when there is no proper outgroup - ANSWER-to determine
shared ancestral vs shared derived characteristics
what is the best phylogeny once a phylogeny has been anchored - ANSWER-the
one that requires the fewest evolutionary changes
what is maximum parsimony - ANSWER-assumes that the tree that requires the
fewest evolutionary events (appearances of shared derived characters) is the best
additional lines of evidence may cause us to conclude what? - ANSWER-that the
best phylogeny is actually one that is more complex (requires evolutionary changes)
3 phylogenetic groups - ANSWER-monophyletic
paraphyletic
polyphyletic
monophyletic - ANSWER-species that are all derived from a common ancestor and
includes all species derived from that common ancestor
DESIRABLE!
, paraphyletic - ANSWER-species that re all derived from a common ancestor but in
which the group does NOT contain all the species derived from that common
ancestor
-acceptable depending on scientist's approach
polyphyletic - ANSWER-species that are not all derived from a common ancestor
unacceptable!
why are phylogenies subject to change - ANSWER-they are working hypotheses that
will change as more data is gathered
some phylogenies are _______________ and some are ___________ - ANSWER-
relatively certain
very tentative
what are the competing approaches to modern classification - ANSWER-1.
traditional evolutionary taxonomy
2. phylogenetic systematics (Cladistics)
who championed Traditional Evolutionary Taxonomy - ANSWER-George Gaylord
Simpson
Ernst Mayr
traditional criteria for organizing life - ANSWER-1. classifications should reflect
common descent based on the presence of derived homologous characteristics
2. classifications should reflect the amount of adaptive evolutionary change
traditional taxa belief - ANSWER-may be either monophyletic or paraphyletic (not all
taxa are clades) and will reject polyphyletic groups
taxa synonym - ANSWER-clade
what does evolutionary taxonomy reject - ANSWER-polyphyletic groups
another name for phylogenetic systematics - ANSWER-cladistics
who championed phylogenetic systematics - ANSWER-Willi Hennig
criteria for organizing life in phylogenetic systematics - ANSWER-1. classifications
should reflect common descent based on derived homologous characteristics
belief of phylogenetic systematics - ANSWER-taxa must be monophyletic (all taxa
are clades) and will reject paraphyletic and polyphyletic groups
what does phylogenetic systematics reject - ANSWER-paraphyletic and polyphyletic
groups
which of the two modern classification approaches is becoming the dominate
approach - ANSWER-phylogenetic systematics
