2025 Sociology 100 Final Exam Verified Questions & Answers Introduction to
Sociology Graded A+
Deviance |- |answersa |behavior |violating |the |norms |of |standards |of |a |group, |society, |or |one's |peers
social |constructionism |of |deviance |- |answerseach |society |or |culture |creates |rules |of |behavior |by |
which |its |members |are |governed |and |of |necessity |controlled
Anomie |Strain |- |answersdeveloped |by |ROBERT |MERTON, |a |theoretical |approach |to |understanding |
deviance |that |states |that |society |encourages |deviance |by |emphasizing |the |importance |of |cultural |
goals, |ex. |conformity: |college |student, |innovation: |drug |dealer, |ritualism: |business |men, |retreatism: |
hippies, |rebellion: |Malcom |X |(are |legitimate |means |of |reaching |goals |equally |available? |no, |so |some |
groups |will |use |illegitimate |means |to |reach |them)
Conflict |Theory |- |answerstheoretical |approach |to |understanding |deviance |that |states |when |social |
control |mechanisms |are |absent, |individuals |slide |into |deviance
Social |Bonds |Theory |- |answerstheoretical |approach |to |understanding |deviance |that |states |that |those |
with |stronger |bonds |are |more |likely |to |resist |temptation |(4 |bonds: |attachment, |commitment, |
involvement, |shared |belief)
Labeling |Theory |- |answerstheoretical |approach |to |understanding |deviance |that |states |that |any |act |
becomes |deviant |only |when |labeled |deviant |by |others
stratification |- |answersthe |structure |of |social |inequality |in |a |society |(ex. |the |distribution |of |wealth, |
status, |and |power |among |people |occupying |different |social |statuses)
How |Americans |view |stratification |- |answersUnderestimated |inequality, |inequality |has |increased |in |
the |last |30 |years
traditional |class |system |- |answersascribed |social |statuses |(caste |system)
modern |class |system |- |answersachieved |social |statuses |(class |system)
Trends |in |wealth/income |inequality |- |answershuge |inequality |in |income, |but |even |more |in |wealth, |the
|rate |of |growth |has |changed
Marx |- |answersWhich |sociologist(s) |believed |that |there |were |two |classes: |proletariat |and |bourgeoisie?
Wright |- |answersWhich |sociologist(s) |believed |that |there |were |four |classes: |capitalists, |petty |
bourgeoisie, |managers, |and |workers?
Gilbert |and |Kahl |- |answersWhich |sociologist(s) |believed |that |there |were |six |classes: |capitalist |class, |
upper |middle |class, |middle |class, |working |class, |working |poor, |and |underclass?
horizontal |mobility |- |answersindividuals |change |roles |but |experience |no |change |in |social |standing
vertical |mobility |- |answerssignificant |increase |of |decrease |in |social |standing
, intergenerational |mobility |- |answerschildren's |mobility |in |relation |to |their |parents
intragenerational |mobility |- |answersmobility |that |changes |over |a |lifetime
structural |mobility |- |answersmobility |resulting |from |a |change |in |the |occupations |structure |of |
stratification |system, |rather |than |individual |achievement
the |social |construction |of |race |- |answersdifferent |individuals |have |power |to |SHAPE |how |society |sees |
race
social |race |- |answersa |category |of |people |who |are |perceived |to |belong |to |the |same |group |based |on |
visible |characteristics
ethnic |group |- |answersa |category |of |people |defined |on |the |basis |of |their |cultural |characteristics |and |
common |heritage
minority |group |- |answersa |subordinate |group |that |occupies |an |inferior |position |of |prestige, |wealth |
and |power
prejudice |- |answersnegative |attitudes, |beliefs, |or |feelings |towards |members |of |another |group |simply |
because |they |are |a |member |of |that |group
racism |- |answersan |ideology/rational |used |to |justify |prejudice |and |discrimination |toward |members |of |
another |race |based |on |a |belief |they |are |inherently |inferior
discrimination |- |answersthe |unfavorable |treatment |of |people |denying |them |opportunities |or |rights |
because |of |their |group |membership
attitudinal |discrimination |- |answersdiscrimination |that |stems |from |prejudicial |attitudes, |human |
behaviors |with |the |INTENT |to |discriminate
institutional |discrimination |- |answersorganizational/institutional |practices |that |create |racial |inequality,
|minority |exclusion, |etc., |or |perpetuate |racial |inequality, |minority |exclusion, |etc.
gender |- |answerssocial |status |associated |with |a |person's |sex
sex |- |answersbiological |(male/female), |biologically |constructed, |similar |across |societies, |passed |on |
genetically
gender |- |answerssocial |identity |(masculinity |or |femininity), |socially |constructed/varies |by |time |and |
place
sexuality |- |answersbehavior, |attraction, |and |identity
gender |socialization |- |answersprocess |of |learning |"appropriate" |gender |roles |and |behaviors
agents |of |gender |socialization |- |answersfamily |education |peers, |mass |media
often |distorted |- |answersHow |are |the |agents |of |gender |socialization?
patriarchy |- |answersa |system |of |social |relationships |where |men |dominate |women
sexism |- |answersa |belief |that |ones |sex |is |superior
Sociology Graded A+
Deviance |- |answersa |behavior |violating |the |norms |of |standards |of |a |group, |society, |or |one's |peers
social |constructionism |of |deviance |- |answerseach |society |or |culture |creates |rules |of |behavior |by |
which |its |members |are |governed |and |of |necessity |controlled
Anomie |Strain |- |answersdeveloped |by |ROBERT |MERTON, |a |theoretical |approach |to |understanding |
deviance |that |states |that |society |encourages |deviance |by |emphasizing |the |importance |of |cultural |
goals, |ex. |conformity: |college |student, |innovation: |drug |dealer, |ritualism: |business |men, |retreatism: |
hippies, |rebellion: |Malcom |X |(are |legitimate |means |of |reaching |goals |equally |available? |no, |so |some |
groups |will |use |illegitimate |means |to |reach |them)
Conflict |Theory |- |answerstheoretical |approach |to |understanding |deviance |that |states |when |social |
control |mechanisms |are |absent, |individuals |slide |into |deviance
Social |Bonds |Theory |- |answerstheoretical |approach |to |understanding |deviance |that |states |that |those |
with |stronger |bonds |are |more |likely |to |resist |temptation |(4 |bonds: |attachment, |commitment, |
involvement, |shared |belief)
Labeling |Theory |- |answerstheoretical |approach |to |understanding |deviance |that |states |that |any |act |
becomes |deviant |only |when |labeled |deviant |by |others
stratification |- |answersthe |structure |of |social |inequality |in |a |society |(ex. |the |distribution |of |wealth, |
status, |and |power |among |people |occupying |different |social |statuses)
How |Americans |view |stratification |- |answersUnderestimated |inequality, |inequality |has |increased |in |
the |last |30 |years
traditional |class |system |- |answersascribed |social |statuses |(caste |system)
modern |class |system |- |answersachieved |social |statuses |(class |system)
Trends |in |wealth/income |inequality |- |answershuge |inequality |in |income, |but |even |more |in |wealth, |the
|rate |of |growth |has |changed
Marx |- |answersWhich |sociologist(s) |believed |that |there |were |two |classes: |proletariat |and |bourgeoisie?
Wright |- |answersWhich |sociologist(s) |believed |that |there |were |four |classes: |capitalists, |petty |
bourgeoisie, |managers, |and |workers?
Gilbert |and |Kahl |- |answersWhich |sociologist(s) |believed |that |there |were |six |classes: |capitalist |class, |
upper |middle |class, |middle |class, |working |class, |working |poor, |and |underclass?
horizontal |mobility |- |answersindividuals |change |roles |but |experience |no |change |in |social |standing
vertical |mobility |- |answerssignificant |increase |of |decrease |in |social |standing
, intergenerational |mobility |- |answerschildren's |mobility |in |relation |to |their |parents
intragenerational |mobility |- |answersmobility |that |changes |over |a |lifetime
structural |mobility |- |answersmobility |resulting |from |a |change |in |the |occupations |structure |of |
stratification |system, |rather |than |individual |achievement
the |social |construction |of |race |- |answersdifferent |individuals |have |power |to |SHAPE |how |society |sees |
race
social |race |- |answersa |category |of |people |who |are |perceived |to |belong |to |the |same |group |based |on |
visible |characteristics
ethnic |group |- |answersa |category |of |people |defined |on |the |basis |of |their |cultural |characteristics |and |
common |heritage
minority |group |- |answersa |subordinate |group |that |occupies |an |inferior |position |of |prestige, |wealth |
and |power
prejudice |- |answersnegative |attitudes, |beliefs, |or |feelings |towards |members |of |another |group |simply |
because |they |are |a |member |of |that |group
racism |- |answersan |ideology/rational |used |to |justify |prejudice |and |discrimination |toward |members |of |
another |race |based |on |a |belief |they |are |inherently |inferior
discrimination |- |answersthe |unfavorable |treatment |of |people |denying |them |opportunities |or |rights |
because |of |their |group |membership
attitudinal |discrimination |- |answersdiscrimination |that |stems |from |prejudicial |attitudes, |human |
behaviors |with |the |INTENT |to |discriminate
institutional |discrimination |- |answersorganizational/institutional |practices |that |create |racial |inequality,
|minority |exclusion, |etc., |or |perpetuate |racial |inequality, |minority |exclusion, |etc.
gender |- |answerssocial |status |associated |with |a |person's |sex
sex |- |answersbiological |(male/female), |biologically |constructed, |similar |across |societies, |passed |on |
genetically
gender |- |answerssocial |identity |(masculinity |or |femininity), |socially |constructed/varies |by |time |and |
place
sexuality |- |answersbehavior, |attraction, |and |identity
gender |socialization |- |answersprocess |of |learning |"appropriate" |gender |roles |and |behaviors
agents |of |gender |socialization |- |answersfamily |education |peers, |mass |media
often |distorted |- |answersHow |are |the |agents |of |gender |socialization?
patriarchy |- |answersa |system |of |social |relationships |where |men |dominate |women
sexism |- |answersa |belief |that |ones |sex |is |superior
