Chamberlain College NR602 2025 Final
exam with expert curated questions &
answers | Guaranteed success 1
Amblyopia (Lazy Eye)
Eye Amblyopia, also known as lazy eye, is a condition in which one or both eyes do
Disorders not develop normal vision due to various factors that cause the visual part of
the brain to function abnormally. This weakens the eye and can lead to longterm
vision problems. If recognized early, amblyopia generally responds well to
treatment. Amblyopia therapy can include glasses, patching, eye drops, and
sometimes surgery. Click here to learn more about amblyopia.
Astigmatism-Farsightedness-Nearsightedness
These three conditions, or refractive errors, are the most common eye problems
in children and adults and are most often caused by abnormalities in the surface
of the eye that prevent light from properly being focused on the retina. Click here
to learn more about these refractive errors.
Childhood Tearing/Epiphora
Epiphora is the term for excessive tearing. Childhood epiphora is often noted
soon after birth, but can be acquired later. When noted during infancy, it is
usually due to blockage of the tear drainage system. This type of tearing often
improves spontaneously by 6 to 12 months of age. Medical treatment includes
tear sac massage and eye drops, but if tearing persists, surgical probing of the
drainage system may be required. Other rare causes of childhood tearing include
pediatric glaucoma and ocular surface diseases.
Cortical Visual Impairment
Cortical visual impairment (CVI) is vision loss due to any abnormality of the visual
center in the brain. The eyes are normal, but the visual interpretation center in
the brain does not function properly and prevents normal vision.
,Chamberlain College NR602 2021 Final Study Guide 2
Developmental Abnormalities
During development of the fetus, abnormalities in the visual system can occur.
Some developmental abnormalities include coloboma, microphthalmia (small
eye), and optic nerve hypoplasia. These abnormalities often result in vision loss.
Double Vision
Double vision (diplopia) is typically caused by misalignment of the eyes
(strabismus), which causes one to see an object in two different places at the
same time. The object can be displaced in a horizontal, vertical, or diagonal
fashion. Double vision can result from many conditions and should be evaluated
at the time of onset. Treatment for double vision can include prism glasses,
strabismus surgery, or Botox injections.
Genetic Eye Disease
Many eye diseases have a known genetic abnormality. These diseases are often
inherited and frequently there are other family members who have had the
disease. In cases of known inherited eye disease in the family, early evaluation is
important. The Dean McGee Eye Institute has an ophthalmic genetic counselor
who routinely sees patients in the clinic.
Nystagmus
Nystagmus is an involuntary, rhythmic oscillation of the eyes. The eye movements
can be side-to-side, up and down, or rotary. Nystagmus may be present at birth
or acquired later in life. It may result from abnormal binocular fixation early in
life, and may also accompany a number of eye disorders and neurological
diseases.
Pediatric Cataract
A cataract is a cloudiness or opacification of the normally clear lens of the eye.
Depending on the size and location, the cataract can interfere with light passing
to the retina and cause blurred vision. Cataracts are typically associated with
older adults, but cataracts can occur at birth or during childhood. Early detection
and treatment of cataracts are critical in infants and young children in order to
restore normal visual development. A white area in the pupil and misalignment
of the eye can be a sign of cataract.
Pediatric cataracts that significantly obstruct vision require surgery. Patients
subsequently require treatment with eyeglasses, bifocals, or contact lenses, and
eye-patching. Often, pediatric cataracts result in some degree of lazy eye
(amblyopia) and strabismus as well.
Pediatric Glaucoma
Glaucoma is a condition that is associated with high pressure within the eye.
This pressure can damage the optic nerve, which is critical for vision, resulting in
permanent vision loss. Pediatric glaucoma is a rare condition that can present in
the newborn or during childhood. Signs and symptoms of pediatric glaucoma
include cloudy corneas, tearing, frequent blinking, light sensitivity, and redness of
the eye.
Pediatric Ptosis (Drooping Eyelid)
Ptosis, or drooping of the upper eyelid, occurs in both children and adults.
Children can be born with ptosis (congenital) or acquire it during childhood.
Neurological diseases can also trigger it.
Ptosis is caused by weakness in the muscle that elevates the eyelid. A droopy
eyelid can block light passing to the retina in the back of the eye and/or create
significant astigmatism that produces a blurry image in the affected eye. These
,Chamberlain College NR602 2025 Final
exam with expert curated questions &
answers | Guaranteed success 3
situations cause lazy eye (amblyopia) and, if untreated, can result in permanent
loss of vision. In addition, children may develop a chin-up head position due to
the droopy eyelid. If the ptosis is significant, surgical correction may be necessary.
Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is an eye disease that occurs in some
premature infants. It results from abnormal development of the blood vessels in
the retina. ROP is progressive, starting with mild changes and sometimes
progressing to severe, sight-threatening changes. Most infants with ROP improve
spontaneously, but some develop severe changes that require laser treatment or
injections of medicine into the eye.
Complications of ROP can include strabismus (eye misalignment), myopia
(nearsightedness), cataract, and, in severe cases, blindness from retinal
detachment. Premature infants at risk of ROP are identified in the hospital and
enrolled in a routine screening protocol.
Strabismus (Crossed Eyes)
Strabismus is the term for misalignment of the eyes in which an eye may be
turned inward, outward, upward, or downward. Strabismus in children can result
in lazy eye (amblyopia) and cause permanent loss of vision if treatment is
delayed. Adults and older children often experience double vision (diplopia).
Depending on the type and cause of the strabismus, treatment may include
eyeglasses, prisms, surgery, Botox injection, or eye-patching therapy. Click here to
learn more about strabismus.
, Chamberlain College NR602 2021 Final Study Guide 4
Musculoskel Pediatric musculoskeletal injuries are both common and painful. There is
growing evidence that, in addition to etal injuries pharmacological therapy,
nonpharmacological methods can be introduced to improve analgesia in the ED and
Asses/TX after discharge. Traditionally, acetaminophen with codeine has been used to treat
moderate orthopedic injury-related pain in children. Other oral opioids (hydrocodone,
oxycodone) are gaining popularity, as well. Current
data suggest that ibuprofen is at least as effective as acetaminophen-codeine and
codeine alone. Medication compliance might be improved if adverse effects were
minimized, and ibuprofen has been shown to have a similar or better adverse
effect profile than the oral opioids to which it has been compared.
Pharmacogenomic data show that nearly 50% of individuals have at least 1
reduced functioning allele resulting in suboptimal conversion of codeine to active
analgesic, so it is not surprising that codeine analgesic efficacy is not optimal. At
the same time, nonpharmacological therapies are emerging as commonly used
treatment options by parents and adjuncts to analgesic medication. The efficacy
and role of techniques (massage, music therapy, transcutaneous electrical nerve
stimulation), although promising, require further clarification in the treatment of
orthopedic injury pain.
Rashes/Der Common skin conditions are grouped into the following categories:
matologic Fungal Infections
Primary fungal infections
Primary fungal infections usually result from inhalation of fungal spores, which
can cause a localized pneumonia as the primary manifestation of infection.
In immunocompetent patients, systemic mycoses typically have a chronic course;
disseminated mycoses with pneumonia and septicemia are rare and, if lung
lesions develop, usually progress slowly. Months may elapse before medical
attention is sought or a diagnosis is made. Symptoms are rarely intense in such
chronic mycoses, but fever, chills, night sweats, anorexia, weight loss, malaise,
and depression may occur. Various organs may be infected, causing symptoms
and dysfunction.
Primary fungal infections may have a characteristic geographic distribution, which
is especially true for the endemic mycoses caused by certain dimorphic fungi. For
example,
• Coccidioidomycosis : Confined primarily to the southwestern US,
Washington, northern Mexico, and Central and South America
• Histoplasmosis : Occurring primarily in the eastern and Midwestern US
and parts of Central and South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia
• Blastomycosis : Confined to North America and Africa
exam with expert curated questions &
answers | Guaranteed success 1
Amblyopia (Lazy Eye)
Eye Amblyopia, also known as lazy eye, is a condition in which one or both eyes do
Disorders not develop normal vision due to various factors that cause the visual part of
the brain to function abnormally. This weakens the eye and can lead to longterm
vision problems. If recognized early, amblyopia generally responds well to
treatment. Amblyopia therapy can include glasses, patching, eye drops, and
sometimes surgery. Click here to learn more about amblyopia.
Astigmatism-Farsightedness-Nearsightedness
These three conditions, or refractive errors, are the most common eye problems
in children and adults and are most often caused by abnormalities in the surface
of the eye that prevent light from properly being focused on the retina. Click here
to learn more about these refractive errors.
Childhood Tearing/Epiphora
Epiphora is the term for excessive tearing. Childhood epiphora is often noted
soon after birth, but can be acquired later. When noted during infancy, it is
usually due to blockage of the tear drainage system. This type of tearing often
improves spontaneously by 6 to 12 months of age. Medical treatment includes
tear sac massage and eye drops, but if tearing persists, surgical probing of the
drainage system may be required. Other rare causes of childhood tearing include
pediatric glaucoma and ocular surface diseases.
Cortical Visual Impairment
Cortical visual impairment (CVI) is vision loss due to any abnormality of the visual
center in the brain. The eyes are normal, but the visual interpretation center in
the brain does not function properly and prevents normal vision.
,Chamberlain College NR602 2021 Final Study Guide 2
Developmental Abnormalities
During development of the fetus, abnormalities in the visual system can occur.
Some developmental abnormalities include coloboma, microphthalmia (small
eye), and optic nerve hypoplasia. These abnormalities often result in vision loss.
Double Vision
Double vision (diplopia) is typically caused by misalignment of the eyes
(strabismus), which causes one to see an object in two different places at the
same time. The object can be displaced in a horizontal, vertical, or diagonal
fashion. Double vision can result from many conditions and should be evaluated
at the time of onset. Treatment for double vision can include prism glasses,
strabismus surgery, or Botox injections.
Genetic Eye Disease
Many eye diseases have a known genetic abnormality. These diseases are often
inherited and frequently there are other family members who have had the
disease. In cases of known inherited eye disease in the family, early evaluation is
important. The Dean McGee Eye Institute has an ophthalmic genetic counselor
who routinely sees patients in the clinic.
Nystagmus
Nystagmus is an involuntary, rhythmic oscillation of the eyes. The eye movements
can be side-to-side, up and down, or rotary. Nystagmus may be present at birth
or acquired later in life. It may result from abnormal binocular fixation early in
life, and may also accompany a number of eye disorders and neurological
diseases.
Pediatric Cataract
A cataract is a cloudiness or opacification of the normally clear lens of the eye.
Depending on the size and location, the cataract can interfere with light passing
to the retina and cause blurred vision. Cataracts are typically associated with
older adults, but cataracts can occur at birth or during childhood. Early detection
and treatment of cataracts are critical in infants and young children in order to
restore normal visual development. A white area in the pupil and misalignment
of the eye can be a sign of cataract.
Pediatric cataracts that significantly obstruct vision require surgery. Patients
subsequently require treatment with eyeglasses, bifocals, or contact lenses, and
eye-patching. Often, pediatric cataracts result in some degree of lazy eye
(amblyopia) and strabismus as well.
Pediatric Glaucoma
Glaucoma is a condition that is associated with high pressure within the eye.
This pressure can damage the optic nerve, which is critical for vision, resulting in
permanent vision loss. Pediatric glaucoma is a rare condition that can present in
the newborn or during childhood. Signs and symptoms of pediatric glaucoma
include cloudy corneas, tearing, frequent blinking, light sensitivity, and redness of
the eye.
Pediatric Ptosis (Drooping Eyelid)
Ptosis, or drooping of the upper eyelid, occurs in both children and adults.
Children can be born with ptosis (congenital) or acquire it during childhood.
Neurological diseases can also trigger it.
Ptosis is caused by weakness in the muscle that elevates the eyelid. A droopy
eyelid can block light passing to the retina in the back of the eye and/or create
significant astigmatism that produces a blurry image in the affected eye. These
,Chamberlain College NR602 2025 Final
exam with expert curated questions &
answers | Guaranteed success 3
situations cause lazy eye (amblyopia) and, if untreated, can result in permanent
loss of vision. In addition, children may develop a chin-up head position due to
the droopy eyelid. If the ptosis is significant, surgical correction may be necessary.
Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is an eye disease that occurs in some
premature infants. It results from abnormal development of the blood vessels in
the retina. ROP is progressive, starting with mild changes and sometimes
progressing to severe, sight-threatening changes. Most infants with ROP improve
spontaneously, but some develop severe changes that require laser treatment or
injections of medicine into the eye.
Complications of ROP can include strabismus (eye misalignment), myopia
(nearsightedness), cataract, and, in severe cases, blindness from retinal
detachment. Premature infants at risk of ROP are identified in the hospital and
enrolled in a routine screening protocol.
Strabismus (Crossed Eyes)
Strabismus is the term for misalignment of the eyes in which an eye may be
turned inward, outward, upward, or downward. Strabismus in children can result
in lazy eye (amblyopia) and cause permanent loss of vision if treatment is
delayed. Adults and older children often experience double vision (diplopia).
Depending on the type and cause of the strabismus, treatment may include
eyeglasses, prisms, surgery, Botox injection, or eye-patching therapy. Click here to
learn more about strabismus.
, Chamberlain College NR602 2021 Final Study Guide 4
Musculoskel Pediatric musculoskeletal injuries are both common and painful. There is
growing evidence that, in addition to etal injuries pharmacological therapy,
nonpharmacological methods can be introduced to improve analgesia in the ED and
Asses/TX after discharge. Traditionally, acetaminophen with codeine has been used to treat
moderate orthopedic injury-related pain in children. Other oral opioids (hydrocodone,
oxycodone) are gaining popularity, as well. Current
data suggest that ibuprofen is at least as effective as acetaminophen-codeine and
codeine alone. Medication compliance might be improved if adverse effects were
minimized, and ibuprofen has been shown to have a similar or better adverse
effect profile than the oral opioids to which it has been compared.
Pharmacogenomic data show that nearly 50% of individuals have at least 1
reduced functioning allele resulting in suboptimal conversion of codeine to active
analgesic, so it is not surprising that codeine analgesic efficacy is not optimal. At
the same time, nonpharmacological therapies are emerging as commonly used
treatment options by parents and adjuncts to analgesic medication. The efficacy
and role of techniques (massage, music therapy, transcutaneous electrical nerve
stimulation), although promising, require further clarification in the treatment of
orthopedic injury pain.
Rashes/Der Common skin conditions are grouped into the following categories:
matologic Fungal Infections
Primary fungal infections
Primary fungal infections usually result from inhalation of fungal spores, which
can cause a localized pneumonia as the primary manifestation of infection.
In immunocompetent patients, systemic mycoses typically have a chronic course;
disseminated mycoses with pneumonia and septicemia are rare and, if lung
lesions develop, usually progress slowly. Months may elapse before medical
attention is sought or a diagnosis is made. Symptoms are rarely intense in such
chronic mycoses, but fever, chills, night sweats, anorexia, weight loss, malaise,
and depression may occur. Various organs may be infected, causing symptoms
and dysfunction.
Primary fungal infections may have a characteristic geographic distribution, which
is especially true for the endemic mycoses caused by certain dimorphic fungi. For
example,
• Coccidioidomycosis : Confined primarily to the southwestern US,
Washington, northern Mexico, and Central and South America
• Histoplasmosis : Occurring primarily in the eastern and Midwestern US
and parts of Central and South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia
• Blastomycosis : Confined to North America and Africa
