NURSING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2025
1. Pathophysiology - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Study of the body's
response to dysfunction
2. Disease - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Interruption, cessation, or disorder of
a body system
3. Etiology - CORRECT-ANSWERS- The cause of a disease
4. Clinical manifestations - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Symptoms and chief
complaints
5. Morphological changes - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Structural changes
that are a result of the disease process
6. Etiological factors - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Biologic agents, physical
forces, chemicals, nutritional excess or deficiency, genetic factors
7. What are the three mechanisms of cellular adaptation? - CORRECT-
ANSWERS-
Size: atrophy and hypertrophy
Number: hyperplasia
Irregular shape: dysplasia (severe) and metaplasia (chronic)
1
,8. Intercellular accumulation - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Results from
normal substances, abnormal endogenous or exogenous products
9. Dystrophic pathological calcification - CORRECT-ANSWERS- In
injured tissue, dead cells create calcium deposits that can cause aortic
stenosis or be a result of a fracture or TB
10. Metastatic Pathological Calcifications - CORRECT-ANSWERS-
Caused by an increase of serum calcium levels in non-injured tissue
11. Chemical injuries - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Lead, carbon
tetrachloride, carbon monoxide, ethanol, mercury, street drugs
12. Asphyxiation injuries - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Suffocation,
strangulation, drowning
13. Hypoxic injuries - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Ischemia (lack of blood
flow) and anoxia (lack of oxygen)
14. What does cellular aging cause? - CORRECT-ANSWERS-
Atrophy, decreased functioning
15. Isotonic solutions - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Will cause no change
to cells
2
, 0.9% saline
16. Hypertonic solutions - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Will cause cells to
shrink/crenate
3% saline or 5% dextrose
17. Hypotonic solutions - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Will cause cells to
swell
0.45% saline
18. Edema - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Accumulation of fluid in
interstitial spaces
19. What are the causes of edema? - CORRECT-ANSWERS-
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure (fluid moves from capillary to
interstitial space)
Decrease in plasma osmotic pressure (decrease in RBC, plasma and
proteins causing fluid to leak into tissues)
Increase in capillary permeability (inflammation causes fluid to leak
into surrounding tissues)
Lymph obstruction
20. What are the functions of Na as a cation? - CORRECT-ANSWERS-
Neuromuscular irritability, acid-base balance through the exchange of
water and bicarb, chemical reactions, and membrane transport
3
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2025
1. Pathophysiology - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Study of the body's
response to dysfunction
2. Disease - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Interruption, cessation, or disorder of
a body system
3. Etiology - CORRECT-ANSWERS- The cause of a disease
4. Clinical manifestations - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Symptoms and chief
complaints
5. Morphological changes - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Structural changes
that are a result of the disease process
6. Etiological factors - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Biologic agents, physical
forces, chemicals, nutritional excess or deficiency, genetic factors
7. What are the three mechanisms of cellular adaptation? - CORRECT-
ANSWERS-
Size: atrophy and hypertrophy
Number: hyperplasia
Irregular shape: dysplasia (severe) and metaplasia (chronic)
1
,8. Intercellular accumulation - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Results from
normal substances, abnormal endogenous or exogenous products
9. Dystrophic pathological calcification - CORRECT-ANSWERS- In
injured tissue, dead cells create calcium deposits that can cause aortic
stenosis or be a result of a fracture or TB
10. Metastatic Pathological Calcifications - CORRECT-ANSWERS-
Caused by an increase of serum calcium levels in non-injured tissue
11. Chemical injuries - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Lead, carbon
tetrachloride, carbon monoxide, ethanol, mercury, street drugs
12. Asphyxiation injuries - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Suffocation,
strangulation, drowning
13. Hypoxic injuries - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Ischemia (lack of blood
flow) and anoxia (lack of oxygen)
14. What does cellular aging cause? - CORRECT-ANSWERS-
Atrophy, decreased functioning
15. Isotonic solutions - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Will cause no change
to cells
2
, 0.9% saline
16. Hypertonic solutions - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Will cause cells to
shrink/crenate
3% saline or 5% dextrose
17. Hypotonic solutions - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Will cause cells to
swell
0.45% saline
18. Edema - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Accumulation of fluid in
interstitial spaces
19. What are the causes of edema? - CORRECT-ANSWERS-
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure (fluid moves from capillary to
interstitial space)
Decrease in plasma osmotic pressure (decrease in RBC, plasma and
proteins causing fluid to leak into tissues)
Increase in capillary permeability (inflammation causes fluid to leak
into surrounding tissues)
Lymph obstruction
20. What are the functions of Na as a cation? - CORRECT-ANSWERS-
Neuromuscular irritability, acid-base balance through the exchange of
water and bicarb, chemical reactions, and membrane transport
3
