FNDH 620 - Exam 1 Questions and Answers |Complete Solutions Graded A+ |100% Correct
Carbohydrate digestion occurring in each organ of the GI tract Mouth: Salivary amylase
Stomach: None
SI: Pancreatic amylase, Brush Border - maltase/sucrase/lactase/alpha-dextrinase
LI: Bacteria
Carbohydrate digestive enzymes Alpha-amylase
Alpha 1-6 dextrinase, isomaltase: brush border enzyme hydrolyse 1-6 linkage in starch
Enzymes in villi: maltase, lactase, sucrase
Glycemic Index vs. Glycemic Response vs. Glycemic Load Response: degree and duration of
BG elevation after consumption of food
Index: comparison of GR to standard glucose (50g)
Load: GI compared to serving size
Glucose transport proteins enterocytes SGLT1: 2 sodium for 1 Glucose or galactose
compete, uses active transport
GLUT5: Fructose through passive diffusion
Glucose transport proteins cells GLUT 1 - basal glucose requirements, widely expressed
GLUT 2 - active under hyperglycemic conditions, liver/pancreas/intestinal
GLUT 3 - neuron, even during hyperglycemia
GLUT 4 - insulin-sensitive
GLUT 5 - fructose transporter
, GLUT 7 - ER membrane, transports free glucose into cytosol after G-6-phosphatase and vital to
hepatocytes during glycogen breakdown
Glycolysis Steps
Normal blood glucose range 70-110 mg / 100 mL
Effect of insulin, glucagon, epinephrine and cortisol on blood glucose levels. Lower BG in
hyperglycemia - Insulin
Increase BG during hypoglycemia - Glucagon, Epinephrine, Cortisol
Hexokinase and glucokinase - locations, similarities, differences Hexokinase: all tissues,
inhibited by G-6-phosphate
Glucokinase: hepatocytes, not inhibited by G6P
Where does pentose phosphate pathway diverge from glycolysis Glucose 6 phosphate
Products of glycolysis 2 ATP
2 NADH
2 Pyruvate
First and final steps of glycolysis First: Glucose --(Hexokinase/Glucokinase)--> Glucose 6
phosphate
Final: PEP --(Pyruvate Kinase)--> Pyruvate
Gluconeogenesis Glucose from noncarb sources (lactate, glycerol, amino acids)
Liver
Carbohydrate digestion occurring in each organ of the GI tract Mouth: Salivary amylase
Stomach: None
SI: Pancreatic amylase, Brush Border - maltase/sucrase/lactase/alpha-dextrinase
LI: Bacteria
Carbohydrate digestive enzymes Alpha-amylase
Alpha 1-6 dextrinase, isomaltase: brush border enzyme hydrolyse 1-6 linkage in starch
Enzymes in villi: maltase, lactase, sucrase
Glycemic Index vs. Glycemic Response vs. Glycemic Load Response: degree and duration of
BG elevation after consumption of food
Index: comparison of GR to standard glucose (50g)
Load: GI compared to serving size
Glucose transport proteins enterocytes SGLT1: 2 sodium for 1 Glucose or galactose
compete, uses active transport
GLUT5: Fructose through passive diffusion
Glucose transport proteins cells GLUT 1 - basal glucose requirements, widely expressed
GLUT 2 - active under hyperglycemic conditions, liver/pancreas/intestinal
GLUT 3 - neuron, even during hyperglycemia
GLUT 4 - insulin-sensitive
GLUT 5 - fructose transporter
, GLUT 7 - ER membrane, transports free glucose into cytosol after G-6-phosphatase and vital to
hepatocytes during glycogen breakdown
Glycolysis Steps
Normal blood glucose range 70-110 mg / 100 mL
Effect of insulin, glucagon, epinephrine and cortisol on blood glucose levels. Lower BG in
hyperglycemia - Insulin
Increase BG during hypoglycemia - Glucagon, Epinephrine, Cortisol
Hexokinase and glucokinase - locations, similarities, differences Hexokinase: all tissues,
inhibited by G-6-phosphate
Glucokinase: hepatocytes, not inhibited by G6P
Where does pentose phosphate pathway diverge from glycolysis Glucose 6 phosphate
Products of glycolysis 2 ATP
2 NADH
2 Pyruvate
First and final steps of glycolysis First: Glucose --(Hexokinase/Glucokinase)--> Glucose 6
phosphate
Final: PEP --(Pyruvate Kinase)--> Pyruvate
Gluconeogenesis Glucose from noncarb sources (lactate, glycerol, amino acids)
Liver
