D439 PAIN MANAGEMENT EXAM
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS!!
nociception
pain is a subjective perception, _______________ is an observable activity in the nervous system
that allows people to detect pain.
transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation
Normal or nociceptive pain is the protective physiological series of events that brings awareness
of actual or potential tissue damage. There are four physiological processes of nociception:
________________.
pain event
four physiological processes of nociception
A thermal, mechanical, or chemical stimulus usually activates a __________.
Transduction
four physiological processes of nociception
____________ converts energy produced by these noxious stimuli into electrical impulses. The
process begins in the periphery when the pain-producing stimulus sends an impulse across a
sensory peripheral pain nerve fiber, known as a nociceptor.
stimuli they respond to
Nociceptors are classified by the type of ______________; some nociceptors respond to multiple
types of stimuli (polymodal nociceptors).
transmission
four physiological processes of nociception
Once transduction is complete, __________ of the nociceptive impulse begins.
,peripheral sensitization
Inflammation caused by disease processes or cellular damage resulting from thermal,
mechanical, or chemical stimuli cause the release of vasoactive and pronociceptive mediators
such as prostaglandins, bradykinin, substance P, and histamine. These substances directly affect
the nerve fibers, lowering the threshold required to activate nociceptors and generating action
potentials across the synaptic cleft, a process known as ________________.
1. Prostaglandins
2. Bradykinin
3. Substance P
4. Histamine
5. Serotonin
What are the 5 Neurotransmitters (excitatory)?
Prostaglandins
the 5 Neurotransmitters (excitatory)
This neurotransmitter is Generated from the breakdown of phospholipids in cell membranes.
Thought to increase sensitivity to pain
Bradykinin
the 5 Neurotransmitters (excitatory)
This neurotransmitter is Released from plasma that leaks from surrounding blood vessels at the
site of tissue injury. Binds to receptors on peripheral nerves, increasing pain stimuli. Binds to
cells that cause the chain reaction producing prostaglandins.
Substance P
the 5 Neurotransmitters (excitatory)
This neurotransmitter is Found in pain neurons of dorsal horn (excitatory peptide). Needed to
transmit pain impulses from periphery to higher brain centers. Causes vasodilation and edema
, Histamine
the 5 Neurotransmitters (excitatory)
This neurotransmitter is Produced by mast cells, causing capillary dilation and increased
capillary permeability.
Serotonin
the 5 Neurotransmitters (excitatory)
This neurotransmitter is Released from the brainstem and dorsal horn to inhibit pain
transmission.
Neuromodulators
The _______________ (inhibitory)
• Are the natural supply of morphine-like substances in the body
• Activated by stress and pain
• Located within the brain, spinal cord, and gastrointestinal tract
• Cause analgesia when they attach to opiate receptors in the brain
• Present in higher levels in people who have less pain than others with a similar injury
myelinated (A-delta fibers) or unmyelinated (C fibers)
Each nociceptor has an axon composed of peripheral afferent nerve fibers that are either
_____________.
peripheral afferent fibers
The nociceptive impulses are transmitted from the periphery to the spinal cord via the
_____________ to the dorsal root ganglia and the superficial lamina I/II of the dorsal horn of the
spinal cord.
myelinated A-delta fibers
The fast-transmitting ______________ transmit sharp, localized nociceptive information.
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS!!
nociception
pain is a subjective perception, _______________ is an observable activity in the nervous system
that allows people to detect pain.
transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation
Normal or nociceptive pain is the protective physiological series of events that brings awareness
of actual or potential tissue damage. There are four physiological processes of nociception:
________________.
pain event
four physiological processes of nociception
A thermal, mechanical, or chemical stimulus usually activates a __________.
Transduction
four physiological processes of nociception
____________ converts energy produced by these noxious stimuli into electrical impulses. The
process begins in the periphery when the pain-producing stimulus sends an impulse across a
sensory peripheral pain nerve fiber, known as a nociceptor.
stimuli they respond to
Nociceptors are classified by the type of ______________; some nociceptors respond to multiple
types of stimuli (polymodal nociceptors).
transmission
four physiological processes of nociception
Once transduction is complete, __________ of the nociceptive impulse begins.
,peripheral sensitization
Inflammation caused by disease processes or cellular damage resulting from thermal,
mechanical, or chemical stimuli cause the release of vasoactive and pronociceptive mediators
such as prostaglandins, bradykinin, substance P, and histamine. These substances directly affect
the nerve fibers, lowering the threshold required to activate nociceptors and generating action
potentials across the synaptic cleft, a process known as ________________.
1. Prostaglandins
2. Bradykinin
3. Substance P
4. Histamine
5. Serotonin
What are the 5 Neurotransmitters (excitatory)?
Prostaglandins
the 5 Neurotransmitters (excitatory)
This neurotransmitter is Generated from the breakdown of phospholipids in cell membranes.
Thought to increase sensitivity to pain
Bradykinin
the 5 Neurotransmitters (excitatory)
This neurotransmitter is Released from plasma that leaks from surrounding blood vessels at the
site of tissue injury. Binds to receptors on peripheral nerves, increasing pain stimuli. Binds to
cells that cause the chain reaction producing prostaglandins.
Substance P
the 5 Neurotransmitters (excitatory)
This neurotransmitter is Found in pain neurons of dorsal horn (excitatory peptide). Needed to
transmit pain impulses from periphery to higher brain centers. Causes vasodilation and edema
, Histamine
the 5 Neurotransmitters (excitatory)
This neurotransmitter is Produced by mast cells, causing capillary dilation and increased
capillary permeability.
Serotonin
the 5 Neurotransmitters (excitatory)
This neurotransmitter is Released from the brainstem and dorsal horn to inhibit pain
transmission.
Neuromodulators
The _______________ (inhibitory)
• Are the natural supply of morphine-like substances in the body
• Activated by stress and pain
• Located within the brain, spinal cord, and gastrointestinal tract
• Cause analgesia when they attach to opiate receptors in the brain
• Present in higher levels in people who have less pain than others with a similar injury
myelinated (A-delta fibers) or unmyelinated (C fibers)
Each nociceptor has an axon composed of peripheral afferent nerve fibers that are either
_____________.
peripheral afferent fibers
The nociceptive impulses are transmitted from the periphery to the spinal cord via the
_____________ to the dorsal root ganglia and the superficial lamina I/II of the dorsal horn of the
spinal cord.
myelinated A-delta fibers
The fast-transmitting ______________ transmit sharp, localized nociceptive information.
