USMLE STEP 1 Pharmacology
What are the major features of the α1 receptor?
Increase vascular smooth muscle contraction, growth pupillary dilator muscle contraction
(mydriasis), boom intestinal and bladder sphincter muscle contraction
What are the primary capabilities of the α2 receptor?
Decrease sympathetic outflow, decrease insulin release, lower lipolysis, boom platelet
aggregation, lower aqueous humor production
What are the primary features of the β1 receptor?
Increase heart fee, boom contractility, increase renin launch, increase lipolysis
What are the important features of the β2 receptor?
Vasodilation, bronchodilation, growth lipolysis, boom insulin release, decrease uterine tone
(tocolysis), ciliary muscle rest, increase aqueous humor production
What are the fundamental features of the M1 receptor?
CNS, enteric frightened machine
What are the important features of the M2 receptor?
Decrease coronary heart rate and contractility of atria
What are the important functions of the M3 receptor?
Increase exocrine gland secretions (e.G., lacrimal, salivary, gastric acid), boom intestine
peristalsis, increase bladder contraction, boom bronchoconstriction, pupillary sphincter muscle
contraction (miosis), ciliary muscle contraction (lodging)
What are the essential capabilities of the D1 receptor?
Relaxes renal vascular easy muscle
What are the predominant functions of the D2 receptor?
Modulates transmitter release, in particular in the mind
,What are the important features of the H1 receptor?
Increase nasal and bronchial mucus manufacturing, boom vascular permeability, contraction of
bronchioles, pruritis, ache
What are the primary features of the H2 receptor?
Increase gastric acid secretion
What are the important functions of the V1 receptor?
Increase vascular clean muscle contraction
What are the most important capabilities of the V2 receptor?
Increase H2O permeability and reabsorption in amassing tubules of kidney (V2 is discovered
inside the "2" kidneys)
What receptors are companion with Gq?
H1, α1, V1, M1, and M3
What receptors are associated with Gs?
H2, B1, B2, V2, D1
What receptors are associated with Gi?
M2, α2, D2
Bethanechol
-Direct cholinergic agonist
-Activates bowel and bladder easy muscle
-Used in postoperative and neurogenic ileus
-Resistant to AChE
Carbachol
-Direct cholinergic agonist
-Carbon replica of acetylcholine
-Constricts students and relieves intraocular strain in glaucoma
,Methacholine
-Direct cholinergic agonist
-Stimulates muscarinic receptors in airways whilst inhaled
-Used as a task test for prognosis of allergies
Pilocarpine
-Direct cholinergic agonist
-Contracts ciliary muscle of eye (open angle glaucoma), contracts pupillary sphincter (closed
attitude glaucoma)
-Potent stimulator of sweat, tears and saliva
-AChE resistant
Donepezil
-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Alzheimer ailment
Galantamine
-Anticholinesterse - will increase ACh
-Alzheimer disease
Rivastigmine
-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Alzheimer ailment
Edrophonium
-Anticholinesterse - will increase ACh
-Historically used to diagnose myasthenia gravis (MG is now diagnosed with the aid of
anti-AChR Ab test.
Neostigmine
-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Used in postoperative and neurogenic ileus and urinary retention, myasthenia gravis, and
postoperative reversal of neuromuscular junction blockade
Physostigmine
-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
, -Used in anticholinergic toxicity
-Crosses the blood-mind barrier (CNS)
Pyridostigmine
-Anticholinesterse - will increase ACh
-Increases muscle energy
-Used in myasthenia gravis (lengthy appearing)
-Does now not penetrate CNS
Atropine
-Muscarinic antagonist
-Used in bradycardia and for ophthalmic programs
-Also used as antidote for cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning
-Actions include boom scholar dilation, cycloplegia, decreased airway secretions, reduced acid
secretions, decreased gut motility, decreased bladder urgency in cystitis
-Toxicity: elevated body temp (because of decreased sweating), fast pulse, dry mouth, dry and
flushed pores and skin, cycloplegia, constipation, disorientation;
-Can purpose acute attitude-closure glaucoma in elderly (due to mydriasis), urinary retention in
guys with prostatic hyperplasia, and hyperthermia in toddlers
-See additionally homatropine and tropicamide
Benztropine
-Muscarinic antagonist
-Works in CNS
-Used in Parkinson disorder and acute dystonia
Glycopyrrolate
-Muscarinic antagonist
-Parental use: preoperative use to lessen airway secretions
-Oral use: drooling, peptic ulcer
Hyoscyamine
-Muscarinic antagonist
-Antispasmodics for IBS
Dicyclomide
-Muscarinic antagonist
-Antispasmodics for IBS
What are the major features of the α1 receptor?
Increase vascular smooth muscle contraction, growth pupillary dilator muscle contraction
(mydriasis), boom intestinal and bladder sphincter muscle contraction
What are the primary capabilities of the α2 receptor?
Decrease sympathetic outflow, decrease insulin release, lower lipolysis, boom platelet
aggregation, lower aqueous humor production
What are the primary features of the β1 receptor?
Increase heart fee, boom contractility, increase renin launch, increase lipolysis
What are the important features of the β2 receptor?
Vasodilation, bronchodilation, growth lipolysis, boom insulin release, decrease uterine tone
(tocolysis), ciliary muscle rest, increase aqueous humor production
What are the fundamental features of the M1 receptor?
CNS, enteric frightened machine
What are the important features of the M2 receptor?
Decrease coronary heart rate and contractility of atria
What are the important functions of the M3 receptor?
Increase exocrine gland secretions (e.G., lacrimal, salivary, gastric acid), boom intestine
peristalsis, increase bladder contraction, boom bronchoconstriction, pupillary sphincter muscle
contraction (miosis), ciliary muscle contraction (lodging)
What are the essential capabilities of the D1 receptor?
Relaxes renal vascular easy muscle
What are the predominant functions of the D2 receptor?
Modulates transmitter release, in particular in the mind
,What are the important features of the H1 receptor?
Increase nasal and bronchial mucus manufacturing, boom vascular permeability, contraction of
bronchioles, pruritis, ache
What are the primary features of the H2 receptor?
Increase gastric acid secretion
What are the important functions of the V1 receptor?
Increase vascular clean muscle contraction
What are the most important capabilities of the V2 receptor?
Increase H2O permeability and reabsorption in amassing tubules of kidney (V2 is discovered
inside the "2" kidneys)
What receptors are companion with Gq?
H1, α1, V1, M1, and M3
What receptors are associated with Gs?
H2, B1, B2, V2, D1
What receptors are associated with Gi?
M2, α2, D2
Bethanechol
-Direct cholinergic agonist
-Activates bowel and bladder easy muscle
-Used in postoperative and neurogenic ileus
-Resistant to AChE
Carbachol
-Direct cholinergic agonist
-Carbon replica of acetylcholine
-Constricts students and relieves intraocular strain in glaucoma
,Methacholine
-Direct cholinergic agonist
-Stimulates muscarinic receptors in airways whilst inhaled
-Used as a task test for prognosis of allergies
Pilocarpine
-Direct cholinergic agonist
-Contracts ciliary muscle of eye (open angle glaucoma), contracts pupillary sphincter (closed
attitude glaucoma)
-Potent stimulator of sweat, tears and saliva
-AChE resistant
Donepezil
-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Alzheimer ailment
Galantamine
-Anticholinesterse - will increase ACh
-Alzheimer disease
Rivastigmine
-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Alzheimer ailment
Edrophonium
-Anticholinesterse - will increase ACh
-Historically used to diagnose myasthenia gravis (MG is now diagnosed with the aid of
anti-AChR Ab test.
Neostigmine
-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Used in postoperative and neurogenic ileus and urinary retention, myasthenia gravis, and
postoperative reversal of neuromuscular junction blockade
Physostigmine
-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
, -Used in anticholinergic toxicity
-Crosses the blood-mind barrier (CNS)
Pyridostigmine
-Anticholinesterse - will increase ACh
-Increases muscle energy
-Used in myasthenia gravis (lengthy appearing)
-Does now not penetrate CNS
Atropine
-Muscarinic antagonist
-Used in bradycardia and for ophthalmic programs
-Also used as antidote for cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning
-Actions include boom scholar dilation, cycloplegia, decreased airway secretions, reduced acid
secretions, decreased gut motility, decreased bladder urgency in cystitis
-Toxicity: elevated body temp (because of decreased sweating), fast pulse, dry mouth, dry and
flushed pores and skin, cycloplegia, constipation, disorientation;
-Can purpose acute attitude-closure glaucoma in elderly (due to mydriasis), urinary retention in
guys with prostatic hyperplasia, and hyperthermia in toddlers
-See additionally homatropine and tropicamide
Benztropine
-Muscarinic antagonist
-Works in CNS
-Used in Parkinson disorder and acute dystonia
Glycopyrrolate
-Muscarinic antagonist
-Parental use: preoperative use to lessen airway secretions
-Oral use: drooling, peptic ulcer
Hyoscyamine
-Muscarinic antagonist
-Antispasmodics for IBS
Dicyclomide
-Muscarinic antagonist
-Antispasmodics for IBS
