Grade 12 biology exam review
Questions with Accurate Answers
Dehydration synthesis - ANSWERSA reaction at which two molecules combine to
create a larger molecule taking out H2O.
Hydrolysis - ANSWERSA reaction at which a compound reacts with water to produce
other compounds.
Redox - ANSWERSA chemical reaction where atoms gain or lose electrons (LEO the
lion says GER)
Neutralization reaction - ANSWERSWhere an acid and a base reacts to form H2O.
Lipids - ANSWERSMade out of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The role of the lipids is
to insulate the organs and joints. The are made up of ester bonds.
Protein - ANSWERSMade out of amino acids and bonds are peptide bonds, the protein
form enzymes, cell surface markers and cell membrane are protein channels.
Carbohydrates - ANSWERSMade up of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen, it is the main
source of energy, and the bonds are glycosidic linkages.
[->types of carbs= Monosaccharide= one sugar, Disaccharide= 2 sugars,
Polysaccharide= many sugars (3 or more).]
Nucleic Acid - ANSWERSOrganisms store hereditary and genetic information that
determine structural and functional characteristic.
Enzymes - ANSWERSLower activation energy and are catalyst. Factors affecting the
reactions are temperature, ph, and concentration.
(Enzyme shape) = Non-competitive- Does not compete for an active site.
= Competitive- Able to enter active site to block normal substrate for
Glycolysis - ANSWERSHappens in cytoplasm. 2 ATP are used to make 2 ADP in
investment phase, 2 NAD are used to make 2 NADH and in payoff phase 4 ATP are
used to make ADP and 2 H2O's are taken out.
Pyruvate Oxidation - ANSWERSThis occurs in the mitochondrial matrix 2 pyruvate and
a NAD forms 2 NADH ,2 CO2 and 2 acetyl coa
, Krebs - ANSWERSHappens in mitochondrial matrix. 3 NADPH is made, 2 CO2 is
made, 1 FADH is made, and 1 ATP is made.
Oxidative phosphorylation - ANSWERSInvolves a series of redox reaction, O2 is used
to oxidize electron carriers FADH and NADH to produce ATP.
ETC - ANSWERSHappens in the inner mitochondrial membrane, and involves use of
high energy to push H+ from the stroma to the inner Thylakoid space.
Chloroplast - ANSWERSFound mainly in the cell of the mesophyll (interior tissue of the
leaf).
Within the chloroplast you have the thylakoid, granum, and stroma.
Light dependent - ANSWERSOccurs in the thylakoid and uses H2O and light to produce
ATP, NADH and O2.
Calvin Cycle - ANSWERSOccurs in the stroma and uses carbon dioxide, ATP and
NADH to produce sugar.
Photosynthesis - ANSWERSOccurs in plants, leafs are the major location of
photosynthesis. CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf through small holes called stomata.
Substrate Leve - ANSWERSATP is formed directly in a catalyst reaction for each
glucose molecule made 4 ATP are generated.
Oxidative Phosphorylation - ANSWERSATP is formed indirectly and involves a series of
redox reaction. The use of O2 to oxidize electron carriers NADH and FADH to produce
ATP.
DNA - ANSWERSStays within the nucleus and is a double helix shape, A pairs with T.
RNA - ANSWERSLeaves the nucleus and is single stranded, T pairs with uracil (u).
DNA replication 1 - ANSWERSDNA gyrase relaxes the bonds of the helix.
DNA replication 2 - ANSWERSDNA helicase unzips the helix.
DNA replication 3 - ANSWERSSIngle stranded binding protein binds to open DNA
strands.
DNA replication 4 - ANSWERSPrimase creates RNA primers used to start strand
synthesis.
DNA replication 5 - ANSWERSDNA polymerase III Synthesizes new complementary
strands.
Questions with Accurate Answers
Dehydration synthesis - ANSWERSA reaction at which two molecules combine to
create a larger molecule taking out H2O.
Hydrolysis - ANSWERSA reaction at which a compound reacts with water to produce
other compounds.
Redox - ANSWERSA chemical reaction where atoms gain or lose electrons (LEO the
lion says GER)
Neutralization reaction - ANSWERSWhere an acid and a base reacts to form H2O.
Lipids - ANSWERSMade out of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The role of the lipids is
to insulate the organs and joints. The are made up of ester bonds.
Protein - ANSWERSMade out of amino acids and bonds are peptide bonds, the protein
form enzymes, cell surface markers and cell membrane are protein channels.
Carbohydrates - ANSWERSMade up of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen, it is the main
source of energy, and the bonds are glycosidic linkages.
[->types of carbs= Monosaccharide= one sugar, Disaccharide= 2 sugars,
Polysaccharide= many sugars (3 or more).]
Nucleic Acid - ANSWERSOrganisms store hereditary and genetic information that
determine structural and functional characteristic.
Enzymes - ANSWERSLower activation energy and are catalyst. Factors affecting the
reactions are temperature, ph, and concentration.
(Enzyme shape) = Non-competitive- Does not compete for an active site.
= Competitive- Able to enter active site to block normal substrate for
Glycolysis - ANSWERSHappens in cytoplasm. 2 ATP are used to make 2 ADP in
investment phase, 2 NAD are used to make 2 NADH and in payoff phase 4 ATP are
used to make ADP and 2 H2O's are taken out.
Pyruvate Oxidation - ANSWERSThis occurs in the mitochondrial matrix 2 pyruvate and
a NAD forms 2 NADH ,2 CO2 and 2 acetyl coa
, Krebs - ANSWERSHappens in mitochondrial matrix. 3 NADPH is made, 2 CO2 is
made, 1 FADH is made, and 1 ATP is made.
Oxidative phosphorylation - ANSWERSInvolves a series of redox reaction, O2 is used
to oxidize electron carriers FADH and NADH to produce ATP.
ETC - ANSWERSHappens in the inner mitochondrial membrane, and involves use of
high energy to push H+ from the stroma to the inner Thylakoid space.
Chloroplast - ANSWERSFound mainly in the cell of the mesophyll (interior tissue of the
leaf).
Within the chloroplast you have the thylakoid, granum, and stroma.
Light dependent - ANSWERSOccurs in the thylakoid and uses H2O and light to produce
ATP, NADH and O2.
Calvin Cycle - ANSWERSOccurs in the stroma and uses carbon dioxide, ATP and
NADH to produce sugar.
Photosynthesis - ANSWERSOccurs in plants, leafs are the major location of
photosynthesis. CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf through small holes called stomata.
Substrate Leve - ANSWERSATP is formed directly in a catalyst reaction for each
glucose molecule made 4 ATP are generated.
Oxidative Phosphorylation - ANSWERSATP is formed indirectly and involves a series of
redox reaction. The use of O2 to oxidize electron carriers NADH and FADH to produce
ATP.
DNA - ANSWERSStays within the nucleus and is a double helix shape, A pairs with T.
RNA - ANSWERSLeaves the nucleus and is single stranded, T pairs with uracil (u).
DNA replication 1 - ANSWERSDNA gyrase relaxes the bonds of the helix.
DNA replication 2 - ANSWERSDNA helicase unzips the helix.
DNA replication 3 - ANSWERSSIngle stranded binding protein binds to open DNA
strands.
DNA replication 4 - ANSWERSPrimase creates RNA primers used to start strand
synthesis.
DNA replication 5 - ANSWERSDNA polymerase III Synthesizes new complementary
strands.
