Bio 102 Exam Questions with Complete
Answers
Differences between Bacteria and Archaea - ANSWER--Lipid composition
-Packaging of hereditary material
-Metabolic pathways
-Regulation of the production of mRNA and protein
Eukarya - ANSWER--Subdivided into 8 supergroups (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum,
Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species)
Eukaryotic - ANSWER--Larger cells with membrane-bound internal compartments
that serve various functions
-Have a cell nucleus in which the genetic material is surrounded by a membrane
Genome - ANSWER--Refers to complete collection of DNA
-Acts as a stable informational unit and encodes the info for organismal function
-The genome of an organism stores the encoded info needed to make, locate, and
modify all the organism's proteins
-Provides continuity from generation to generation (copies and transmitted to each
generation)
-Serves as the substrate of evolutionary change
-It may undergo mutations that change the encoded info
-May acquire new genes by horizontal gene transfer
What is DNA used for? - ANSWER--Organism's metabolism
-Ability to respond to environmental changes
-Maintaining homeostasis
-Growing
-Developing and reproducing
mRNA - ANSWER--The DNA of specific genes that is used at appropriate times as a
template to create specific messenger molecules
-These are used to control protein production
-Made through structural genes
-Provides a template by which the cell can make a polypeptide
-Carries information from the DNA to the ribosome
-Made during transcription
Proteins - ANSWER--Collectively catalyze most metabolic reactions
-Major structured components of cells
-Serve to control cell-to-cell and cell-to-environment interactions
-Polymers composed of C, H, N, O, and small amounts of other elements
-Have amino acid building blocks
-Have an amino terminus and a carboxyl terminus, and are numbered starting at the
amino terminus
,Proteomics - ANSWER--Extension of genome analysis
-Technical approach that involves the analysis of the proteome of a single species
and the comparison of the proteomes of different species, or comparisons of
different members of the same species living under different conditions
Concept Mapping - ANSWER--Graphic tool to help organize and interrelate concepts
and processes
Atom - ANSWER--Smallest functional unit of matter that forms all chemical
substances and that cannot be further broken down into other substances by
ordinary chemical or physical means
What is the diameter of Hydrogen? - ANSWER-1A° (10⁻¹⁰m)
Atomic Number - ANSWER-The number of protons
Atomic Mass - ANSWER--Measured in daltons (Da)
Isotopes - ANSWER--When many elements exist in multiple forms, but differ in the
number of neutrons
Electronegativity - ANSWER--A measure of its ability to attract electrons in a bond
from another atom
Anion - ANSWER-Negative
Cation - ANSWER-Positive
Free Radical - ANSWER--Chemical particles with an odd number of electrons
Brownian Motion - ANSWER--Heat energy causes atoms and molecules to vibrate
and move
Catalyst - ANSWER--A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without itself
being affected
Chemical Equilibrium - ANSWER--When the rate of the forward reaction is balanced
by the rate of the reverse reaction
Van der Waal Forces - ANSWER--Chemical forces that occur intermolecularly or
between different regions of large molecules
-Due to electrostatic interactions between molecules of opposite charges
-The strength of the interaction is determined by the degree of the charges and the
distance between the two molecules
Ion-dipole Force - ANSWER--Occur between ions and polar molecules
Dipole-Dipole Force - ANSWER--Can occur between many different polar molecule
Hydrogen Bonding - ANSWER--FON
,-Very polar
-The H has the partial positive charge
Heat of Vaporization - ANSWER--The heat required to vaporize 1 mole of any
substance at its boiling point under standard pressure
Heat of Fusion - ANSWER--The amount of energy that is released when a
substance goes from liquid to solid
Specific Heat - ANSWER--The amount of heat required per unit of mass to raise the
temperature of that mass by 1°C
Hydrophilic - ANSWER--"water-loving"
-Pertaining to polar or charged molecules (or parts of molecules) that are soluble in
water
Hydrophobic - ANSWER--"water-fearing"
-Molecules composed mainly of hydrogens and carbons
-ex: Oils
-Dissolve poorly in water, but readily in non-polar solvents
Amphipathic - ANSWER--A molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a
hydrophobic region
-When mixed with water, may form spheres called micelles
Micelles - ANSWER--With their polar regions at the surface, they are attracted to the
surrounding water molecules
Colligative Properties - ANSWER--Properties that depend strictly on the
concentration of dissolved solute particles, not on the specific type of particle
-The addition of solutes to water lowers its freezing point and raises its boiling point
Hydrocarbons - ANSWER--Hydrophobic
-Nonpolar
Functional Groups - ANSWER--Amino
-Carbonyl (ketone or aldehyde)
-Carboxyl
-Hydroxyl
-Methyl
-Phosphate
-Sulphate
-Sulphydryl
Isomers - ANSWER--Two structures with an identical molecular formula but different
structures and characteristics
Structural Isomers - ANSWER--Have the same molecular formula but different bond-
to-bond connectivity; simplest form of isomer
, Stereoisomers - ANSWER--Compounds with the same molecular formula and
connectivity but different arrangements in space
-Include geometric isomers, diastereomers, enantiomers, conformational isomers,
and meso compounds
Enantiomers - ANSWER--Isomers that are mirror images of each other
Polymers - ANSWER--Large molecules formed by the linkage of many smaller
molecules called monomers
Condensation Reaction - ANSWER--2+ molecules combine with the loss of a small
molecule
-When water is lost it's a dehydration reaction
Hydrolysis Reaction - ANSWER--ex: Disaccharaide to monosaccharide
-When a polymer is broken down into monomers
-Occurs because a molecule of water is added back each time a monomer is
released
Carbohydrates - ANSWER--CnH2O)n
-Monosaccharides combine through dehydration/condensation reactions to form
glycosidic bonds which hold polysaccharides together
-Glycosidic bonds are broken by hydrolysis
-Some other common carbohydrates: starch, cellulose, glycogen
Carbon 1 - ANSWER--Carbon attached to two oxygens
Glycosidic Bond - ANSWER--Bond formed between two sugar molecules
Cellulose - ANSWER--Polymer of beta-glucose held by beta-glycosidic linkages
-No branches, which allows it to lie flat
-Highly insoluble, and so doesn't allow for changes in osmotic pressure
-Used for structure in plants
Lipids - ANSWER--Predominantly composed of hydrogen and carbon
-Held together by nonpolar covalent bonds
-Hydrophobic
-Contain the most energy because of a high number of C-H bonds
Fats - ANSWER--Mixture of triglycerides
-Consists of glycerol bonded to 3 fatty acids
Fatty Acids - ANSWER--Have an even number of carbons
-Hydrocarbon change with a carboxyl group at the end
-Saturated when all the carbons are linked by single covalent bonds (high melting
points and solid at room temp)
-Unsaturated when one of more C-C double bond
Trans Fat - ANSWER--Monounsaturated fat isomers or polyunsaturated fats with the
hydrogen's in the trans position
Answers
Differences between Bacteria and Archaea - ANSWER--Lipid composition
-Packaging of hereditary material
-Metabolic pathways
-Regulation of the production of mRNA and protein
Eukarya - ANSWER--Subdivided into 8 supergroups (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum,
Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species)
Eukaryotic - ANSWER--Larger cells with membrane-bound internal compartments
that serve various functions
-Have a cell nucleus in which the genetic material is surrounded by a membrane
Genome - ANSWER--Refers to complete collection of DNA
-Acts as a stable informational unit and encodes the info for organismal function
-The genome of an organism stores the encoded info needed to make, locate, and
modify all the organism's proteins
-Provides continuity from generation to generation (copies and transmitted to each
generation)
-Serves as the substrate of evolutionary change
-It may undergo mutations that change the encoded info
-May acquire new genes by horizontal gene transfer
What is DNA used for? - ANSWER--Organism's metabolism
-Ability to respond to environmental changes
-Maintaining homeostasis
-Growing
-Developing and reproducing
mRNA - ANSWER--The DNA of specific genes that is used at appropriate times as a
template to create specific messenger molecules
-These are used to control protein production
-Made through structural genes
-Provides a template by which the cell can make a polypeptide
-Carries information from the DNA to the ribosome
-Made during transcription
Proteins - ANSWER--Collectively catalyze most metabolic reactions
-Major structured components of cells
-Serve to control cell-to-cell and cell-to-environment interactions
-Polymers composed of C, H, N, O, and small amounts of other elements
-Have amino acid building blocks
-Have an amino terminus and a carboxyl terminus, and are numbered starting at the
amino terminus
,Proteomics - ANSWER--Extension of genome analysis
-Technical approach that involves the analysis of the proteome of a single species
and the comparison of the proteomes of different species, or comparisons of
different members of the same species living under different conditions
Concept Mapping - ANSWER--Graphic tool to help organize and interrelate concepts
and processes
Atom - ANSWER--Smallest functional unit of matter that forms all chemical
substances and that cannot be further broken down into other substances by
ordinary chemical or physical means
What is the diameter of Hydrogen? - ANSWER-1A° (10⁻¹⁰m)
Atomic Number - ANSWER-The number of protons
Atomic Mass - ANSWER--Measured in daltons (Da)
Isotopes - ANSWER--When many elements exist in multiple forms, but differ in the
number of neutrons
Electronegativity - ANSWER--A measure of its ability to attract electrons in a bond
from another atom
Anion - ANSWER-Negative
Cation - ANSWER-Positive
Free Radical - ANSWER--Chemical particles with an odd number of electrons
Brownian Motion - ANSWER--Heat energy causes atoms and molecules to vibrate
and move
Catalyst - ANSWER--A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without itself
being affected
Chemical Equilibrium - ANSWER--When the rate of the forward reaction is balanced
by the rate of the reverse reaction
Van der Waal Forces - ANSWER--Chemical forces that occur intermolecularly or
between different regions of large molecules
-Due to electrostatic interactions between molecules of opposite charges
-The strength of the interaction is determined by the degree of the charges and the
distance between the two molecules
Ion-dipole Force - ANSWER--Occur between ions and polar molecules
Dipole-Dipole Force - ANSWER--Can occur between many different polar molecule
Hydrogen Bonding - ANSWER--FON
,-Very polar
-The H has the partial positive charge
Heat of Vaporization - ANSWER--The heat required to vaporize 1 mole of any
substance at its boiling point under standard pressure
Heat of Fusion - ANSWER--The amount of energy that is released when a
substance goes from liquid to solid
Specific Heat - ANSWER--The amount of heat required per unit of mass to raise the
temperature of that mass by 1°C
Hydrophilic - ANSWER--"water-loving"
-Pertaining to polar or charged molecules (or parts of molecules) that are soluble in
water
Hydrophobic - ANSWER--"water-fearing"
-Molecules composed mainly of hydrogens and carbons
-ex: Oils
-Dissolve poorly in water, but readily in non-polar solvents
Amphipathic - ANSWER--A molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a
hydrophobic region
-When mixed with water, may form spheres called micelles
Micelles - ANSWER--With their polar regions at the surface, they are attracted to the
surrounding water molecules
Colligative Properties - ANSWER--Properties that depend strictly on the
concentration of dissolved solute particles, not on the specific type of particle
-The addition of solutes to water lowers its freezing point and raises its boiling point
Hydrocarbons - ANSWER--Hydrophobic
-Nonpolar
Functional Groups - ANSWER--Amino
-Carbonyl (ketone or aldehyde)
-Carboxyl
-Hydroxyl
-Methyl
-Phosphate
-Sulphate
-Sulphydryl
Isomers - ANSWER--Two structures with an identical molecular formula but different
structures and characteristics
Structural Isomers - ANSWER--Have the same molecular formula but different bond-
to-bond connectivity; simplest form of isomer
, Stereoisomers - ANSWER--Compounds with the same molecular formula and
connectivity but different arrangements in space
-Include geometric isomers, diastereomers, enantiomers, conformational isomers,
and meso compounds
Enantiomers - ANSWER--Isomers that are mirror images of each other
Polymers - ANSWER--Large molecules formed by the linkage of many smaller
molecules called monomers
Condensation Reaction - ANSWER--2+ molecules combine with the loss of a small
molecule
-When water is lost it's a dehydration reaction
Hydrolysis Reaction - ANSWER--ex: Disaccharaide to monosaccharide
-When a polymer is broken down into monomers
-Occurs because a molecule of water is added back each time a monomer is
released
Carbohydrates - ANSWER--CnH2O)n
-Monosaccharides combine through dehydration/condensation reactions to form
glycosidic bonds which hold polysaccharides together
-Glycosidic bonds are broken by hydrolysis
-Some other common carbohydrates: starch, cellulose, glycogen
Carbon 1 - ANSWER--Carbon attached to two oxygens
Glycosidic Bond - ANSWER--Bond formed between two sugar molecules
Cellulose - ANSWER--Polymer of beta-glucose held by beta-glycosidic linkages
-No branches, which allows it to lie flat
-Highly insoluble, and so doesn't allow for changes in osmotic pressure
-Used for structure in plants
Lipids - ANSWER--Predominantly composed of hydrogen and carbon
-Held together by nonpolar covalent bonds
-Hydrophobic
-Contain the most energy because of a high number of C-H bonds
Fats - ANSWER--Mixture of triglycerides
-Consists of glycerol bonded to 3 fatty acids
Fatty Acids - ANSWER--Have an even number of carbons
-Hydrocarbon change with a carboxyl group at the end
-Saturated when all the carbons are linked by single covalent bonds (high melting
points and solid at room temp)
-Unsaturated when one of more C-C double bond
Trans Fat - ANSWER--Monounsaturated fat isomers or polyunsaturated fats with the
hydrogen's in the trans position
