Cardiovascular Certification Exam Review Questions with Verified Answers

Systolic Heart Faiure - ANSWERSThe left ventricle loses its ability to contract normally. The heart can't pump with enough force to push enough blood into circulation. Diastolic Heart Faiure - ANSWERSThe left ventricle loses its ability to relax normally (because the muscle has become stiff). The heart can't properly fill with blood during the resting period between each beat. Right-sided heart failure - ANSWERSRight-sided or right ventricular (RV) heart failure usually occurs as a result of left-sided failure. When the left ventricle fails, increased fluid pressure is, in effect, transferred back through the lungs, ultimately damaging the heart's right side. When the right side loses pumping power, blood backs up in the body's veins. This usually causes swelling in the legs and ankles. Janeway lesion (description) - ANSWERSnon-tender, small erythematous or haemorrhagic macular or nodular lesions on the palms or soles only a few millimeters in diameter Janeway lesions (diagnosis) - ANSWERSinfective endocarditis Anterior STEMI leads - ANSWERSI, aVL, V1-V6 Lateral STEMI leads - ANSWERSI, aVL, V5-V6 Inferior STEMI leads - ANSWERSII, III aVF Right Ventricle STEMI leads - ANSWERSV1 and V4R III II Posterior STEMI - ANSWERSV7, 8, and 9 Anterior STEMI artery blocked... - ANSWERSLAD Lateral STEMI artery blocked... - ANSWERSLCX or MO Inferior STEMI artery blocked... - ANSWERSRCA Posterior STEMI artery blocked... - ANSWERSRCX NYHA Class I Heart Failure - ANSWERSPatients with cardiac disease but resulting in no limitation of physical activity. Ordinary physical activity does not cause undue fatigue, palpitation, dyspnea or anginal pain. NYHA Class II Heart Failure - ANSWERSPatients with cardiac disease resulting in slight limitation of physical activity. They are comfortable at rest. Ordinary physical activity results in fatigue, palpitation, dyspnea or anginal pain. NYHA Class III Heart Failure - ANSWERSPatients with cardiac disease resulting in marked limitation of physical activity. They are comfortable at rest. Less than ordinary activity causes fatigue, palpitation, dyspnea or anginal pain. NYHA Class IV Heart Failure - ANSWERSPatients with cardiac disease resulting in inability to carry on any physical activity without discomfort. Symptoms of heart failure or the anginal syndrome may be present even at rest. If any physical activity is undertaken, discomfort increases. NYHA Class A Heart Failure - ANSWERSNo objective evidence of cardiovascular disease. No symptoms and no limitation in ordinary physical activity. NYHA Class B Heart Failure - ANSWERSObjective evidence of minimal cardiovascular disease. Mild symptoms and slight limitation during ordinary activity. Comfortable at rest. NYHA Class C Heart Failure - ANSWERSObjective evidence of moderately severe cardiovascular disease. Marked limitation in activity due to symptoms, even during less-than-ordinary activity. Comfortable only at rest. NYHA Class D Heart Failure - ANSWERSObjective evidence of severe cardiovascular disease. Severe limitations. Experiences symptoms even while at rest. Left bundle branch block - ANSWERSthe left ventricle to contract later than the right ventricle Right bundle branch block - ANSWERSright ventricle is not directly activated by impulses travelling through the right bundle branch. The left ventricle however, is still normally activated by the left bundle branch. These impulses are then able to travel through the myocardium of the left ventricle to the right ventricle and depolarise the right ventricle this way. As conduction through the myocardium is slower than conduction through the Bundle of His-Purkinje fibres, the QRS complex is seen to be widened. The QRS complex often shows an extra deflection which reflects the rapid depolarisation of the left ventricle followed by the slower depolarisation of the right ventricle.