GCU BIO 210 LECTURE EXAM 4
What makes up the peripheral nervous system? - Answers - Made up of nerves that
attach to CNS
Spinal Nerves
Cranial Nerves
What makes up the Central nervous system - Answers - Brain and spinal cord
Structure and function of the somatic nervous system - Answers - Controls voluntary
and involuntary skeletal muscle contractions
Involuntary skeletal contraction - reflex
It is a single-neuron system
Structure and function of the Autonomic Nervous system - Answers - Controls activity
of smooth and cardiac muscles (Visceral Motor Control)
It is a 2 neuron system
-1st: from CNS to ganglion
-2nd: from ganglion to effector
Afferent vs Efferent - Answers - Afferent (sensory) - toward brain
Efferent (motor) - toward muscle
What branch of the nervous system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response? -
Answers - Sympathetic division
What branch of the nervous system is responsible for the "rest and digest" function? -
Answers - Parasympathetic division
Sympathetic Nervous System vs Parasympathetic Nervous System - Answers -
Sympathetic: dilate pupil, accelerate heartbeat, dilate bronchi, inhibit digestion,
stimulate epinephrine and norepinephrine release.
Parasympathetic: constrict pupil, slows heartbeat, constrict bronchi, stimulates
digestion.
Preganglionic and Postganglionic (in sympathetic division) - Answers -
, Preganglionic(SHORT): leave CNS and synapse on peripheral ganglionic neurons,
between T1 and L2 of the spinal cord
Postganglionic(LONG): leave the peripheral ganglion and extend to peripheral target
organs
Occurs in: sympathetic chain ganglia, collateral ganglia, and adrenal medullae (when
stimulated, releases neurotransmitters into the bloodstream, not at the synapse.
Functions as hormones; affects target cells throughout the body).
Preganglionic vs Postganglionic (in parasympathetic division) - Answers -
Preganglionic(LONG): originate in the brain stem and sacral segment of spinal cord
Postganglionic(SHORT)
Synape in ganglia close to (or within) target organs
-Terminal ganglion: near target organ
-Intramural ganglion: embedded in tissues of target organ
Post ganglionic sympathetic vs Postganglionic parasympathetic - Answers -
Sympathetic: mostly adrenergic (release NE), few are cholinergic (release ACh)
-innervates sweat glands of skin and blood vessels of skeletal muscles & brain
-Stimulate sweat gland secretion and dilates blood vessels of skeletal muscle & brain
Parasympathetic: ALL are cholinergic (release ACh)
What do Alpha 1 receptors do? - Answers - vasoconstriction, raises blood pressure
Where do you find alpha 1 receptors? - Answers - At smooth muscle of blood vessels
What do alpha 2 receptors do? - Answers - inhibits activity of ParaNS, vasodilate,
lowers blood pressure
Where do you find alpha 2 receptors? - Answers - GI Tract
What do beta 1 receptors do? - Answers - increase heart rate and strength of
contraction
Where do you find beta 1 receptors? - Answers - At your heart!
What makes up the peripheral nervous system? - Answers - Made up of nerves that
attach to CNS
Spinal Nerves
Cranial Nerves
What makes up the Central nervous system - Answers - Brain and spinal cord
Structure and function of the somatic nervous system - Answers - Controls voluntary
and involuntary skeletal muscle contractions
Involuntary skeletal contraction - reflex
It is a single-neuron system
Structure and function of the Autonomic Nervous system - Answers - Controls activity
of smooth and cardiac muscles (Visceral Motor Control)
It is a 2 neuron system
-1st: from CNS to ganglion
-2nd: from ganglion to effector
Afferent vs Efferent - Answers - Afferent (sensory) - toward brain
Efferent (motor) - toward muscle
What branch of the nervous system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response? -
Answers - Sympathetic division
What branch of the nervous system is responsible for the "rest and digest" function? -
Answers - Parasympathetic division
Sympathetic Nervous System vs Parasympathetic Nervous System - Answers -
Sympathetic: dilate pupil, accelerate heartbeat, dilate bronchi, inhibit digestion,
stimulate epinephrine and norepinephrine release.
Parasympathetic: constrict pupil, slows heartbeat, constrict bronchi, stimulates
digestion.
Preganglionic and Postganglionic (in sympathetic division) - Answers -
, Preganglionic(SHORT): leave CNS and synapse on peripheral ganglionic neurons,
between T1 and L2 of the spinal cord
Postganglionic(LONG): leave the peripheral ganglion and extend to peripheral target
organs
Occurs in: sympathetic chain ganglia, collateral ganglia, and adrenal medullae (when
stimulated, releases neurotransmitters into the bloodstream, not at the synapse.
Functions as hormones; affects target cells throughout the body).
Preganglionic vs Postganglionic (in parasympathetic division) - Answers -
Preganglionic(LONG): originate in the brain stem and sacral segment of spinal cord
Postganglionic(SHORT)
Synape in ganglia close to (or within) target organs
-Terminal ganglion: near target organ
-Intramural ganglion: embedded in tissues of target organ
Post ganglionic sympathetic vs Postganglionic parasympathetic - Answers -
Sympathetic: mostly adrenergic (release NE), few are cholinergic (release ACh)
-innervates sweat glands of skin and blood vessels of skeletal muscles & brain
-Stimulate sweat gland secretion and dilates blood vessels of skeletal muscle & brain
Parasympathetic: ALL are cholinergic (release ACh)
What do Alpha 1 receptors do? - Answers - vasoconstriction, raises blood pressure
Where do you find alpha 1 receptors? - Answers - At smooth muscle of blood vessels
What do alpha 2 receptors do? - Answers - inhibits activity of ParaNS, vasodilate,
lowers blood pressure
Where do you find alpha 2 receptors? - Answers - GI Tract
What do beta 1 receptors do? - Answers - increase heart rate and strength of
contraction
Where do you find beta 1 receptors? - Answers - At your heart!
