exp3604 exam 1 study guide - chapter 1
Exam Q’s and A’s
cognition - -mental activity, describes the acquisition, storage,
transformation, and use of knowledge
- cognitive psychology - -1. synonym for cognition
2. refers to a particular theoretical approach to psychology that emphasizes
people's mental processes and their knowledge
- cognitive approach - -A theoretical orientation that emphasizes people's
thought processes and their knowledge.
- what is the relationship between cognition, cognitive psychology, and the
cognitive approach? - -The cognitive approach believes that internal mental
behavior can be scientifically studied using experiments. Cognitive
psychology assumes that a meditational process occurs between
stimulus/input and response/output. They are all interconnected.
- what makes cognitive psychology unique compared to other psychological
perspectives? - -- it occupies a major portion of human psychology
- helps you appreciate many other areas of psychology
- provides a sort of "owners manual" for your mind
- empirical evidence - -Aristotle
research through observation and experimentation
- introspection - -Wilhelm Wundt
trained observers would systematically analyze their own sensations and
report them as objectively as possible under standardized conditions
sometimes inaccurate or subjective
- recency effect - -Mary Whiton Calkins
observation that our recall is especially accurate for the final items on a list
- behaviorism - -view that psychology must focus on objective, observable
reactions to stimuli in the environment, rather than introspection
, - operational definition - -clearly defining a variable in a way that is
observable and quantifiable
- gestalt psychology - -emphasizes that we humans have basic tendencies
to actively organize what we see, and futhermore, that the whole is greater
than the some of its parts
- gestalt - -overall quality that transcends the individual elements
- information-processing approach - -compares mental processes with
operations of a computer; mental processes can be interpreted as
information progressing through the system in a series of stages, one step at
a time
*not a model of how the BRAIN works
- Atkinson-Shiffrin model - -1. sensory memory
2. short-term (working) memory
3. long-term memory
- sensory memory - -Sensory memory is the shortest-term element of
memory. It is the ability to retain impressions of sensory information after
the original stimuli have ended. It acts as a kind of buffer for stimuli received
through the five senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch, which are
retained accurately, but very briefly.
- short-term memory (working memory) - -A system for temporarily storing
and managing information required to carry out complex cognitive tasks
such as learning, reasoning, and comprehension. Short-term memory is
involved in the selection, initiation, and termination of information-
processing functions such as encoding, storing, and retrieving data.
- long-term memory - -the phase or type of memory responsible for the
storage of information for an extended period of time.
- ecological validity - -the conditions in which the research is conducted are
similar to the natural setting where the results will be applied
- Wilhelm Wundt - -- founder of experimental psychology
- established the first psychology laboratory (1879)
- structuralism (breaking everything down to its most basic elements
- introspection
- Ebbinghaus - -- early memory researcher
- studied nonsense syllables
- discovered it takes less time to learn old lists (savings)
Exam Q’s and A’s
cognition - -mental activity, describes the acquisition, storage,
transformation, and use of knowledge
- cognitive psychology - -1. synonym for cognition
2. refers to a particular theoretical approach to psychology that emphasizes
people's mental processes and their knowledge
- cognitive approach - -A theoretical orientation that emphasizes people's
thought processes and their knowledge.
- what is the relationship between cognition, cognitive psychology, and the
cognitive approach? - -The cognitive approach believes that internal mental
behavior can be scientifically studied using experiments. Cognitive
psychology assumes that a meditational process occurs between
stimulus/input and response/output. They are all interconnected.
- what makes cognitive psychology unique compared to other psychological
perspectives? - -- it occupies a major portion of human psychology
- helps you appreciate many other areas of psychology
- provides a sort of "owners manual" for your mind
- empirical evidence - -Aristotle
research through observation and experimentation
- introspection - -Wilhelm Wundt
trained observers would systematically analyze their own sensations and
report them as objectively as possible under standardized conditions
sometimes inaccurate or subjective
- recency effect - -Mary Whiton Calkins
observation that our recall is especially accurate for the final items on a list
- behaviorism - -view that psychology must focus on objective, observable
reactions to stimuli in the environment, rather than introspection
, - operational definition - -clearly defining a variable in a way that is
observable and quantifiable
- gestalt psychology - -emphasizes that we humans have basic tendencies
to actively organize what we see, and futhermore, that the whole is greater
than the some of its parts
- gestalt - -overall quality that transcends the individual elements
- information-processing approach - -compares mental processes with
operations of a computer; mental processes can be interpreted as
information progressing through the system in a series of stages, one step at
a time
*not a model of how the BRAIN works
- Atkinson-Shiffrin model - -1. sensory memory
2. short-term (working) memory
3. long-term memory
- sensory memory - -Sensory memory is the shortest-term element of
memory. It is the ability to retain impressions of sensory information after
the original stimuli have ended. It acts as a kind of buffer for stimuli received
through the five senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch, which are
retained accurately, but very briefly.
- short-term memory (working memory) - -A system for temporarily storing
and managing information required to carry out complex cognitive tasks
such as learning, reasoning, and comprehension. Short-term memory is
involved in the selection, initiation, and termination of information-
processing functions such as encoding, storing, and retrieving data.
- long-term memory - -the phase or type of memory responsible for the
storage of information for an extended period of time.
- ecological validity - -the conditions in which the research is conducted are
similar to the natural setting where the results will be applied
- Wilhelm Wundt - -- founder of experimental psychology
- established the first psychology laboratory (1879)
- structuralism (breaking everything down to its most basic elements
- introspection
- Ebbinghaus - -- early memory researcher
- studied nonsense syllables
- discovered it takes less time to learn old lists (savings)
