exp3604 exam 1 study guide - chapter 2
Exam Questions and Answers
perception - -use of previous knowledge to gather and interpret stimuli
registered by your senses
combines aspects of both the outside world (visual stimulus) and your inner
world (previous knowledge)
- object recognition/pattern recognition - -identifying an arrangement of
sensory stimuli and perceiving it to be separate from its background
when you recognize an object your sensory processes transform and
organize new raw info, you can also compare this information with
information stored in your memory
- distal stimulus - -actual object that is in the environment
- proximal stimulus - -information registered on your sensory receptors
(image pen pen creates on retina)
- retina - -inside back portion of the eye that contains millions of neurons
that register and transmit visual info from the outside world
- sensory memory - -large-capacity storage system that records information
from each of the senses with reasonable accuracy
- iconic memory/visual sensory memory - -preserves an image of a visual
stimulus for a brief period after the stimulus has disappeared
- primary visual cortex - -located in the occipital love of the brain, the
portion of the cerebral cortex that is concerned with basic processing of
visual stimuli, also the first places where info from the eyes is combined
- occipital lobe - -back of the brain where most basic components of vision
are processed
- figure - -In gestalt psychology, when two areas share a common boundary,
the figure is the area that has a distinct shape with clearly defined edges.
This area seems closer and more dominant.
- ground - -In gestalt psychology, when two areas share a common
boundary, the area that is seen as being behind the figure, forming the
background.
, - ambiguous figure-ground relationship - -when the figure and ground
reverse from time to time
- illusory contours/subjective contours - -seeing the edges of a shape even
though they are not physically present in the stimulus
- templates - -specific patterns that you have stored in memory
- feature-analysis theories - -relatively flexible approach, in which a visual
stimulus is composed of a small number of characteristics or components
- distinctive features - -visual characteristics
- recognition-by-components theory - -specific view of an objext can be
represented as arrangements of geons that can be combined to form
meaningful objexts
- geons - -simple 3D shapes
- top-down processing - -expectations at the higher level of visual
processing will work their way down and guide the early processing of visual
stimuli
- bottom-up processing - -the physical stimuli from the environment are
registered on the sensory receptors and then passed on to higher, more
sophisticated levels in the perceptual system
- views-centered approach - -proposes that we store a small number of
views of 3D objexts rather than just one view
- differentiate between distal and proximal stimulus - -distal stimulus is the
object that is out in the open, and proximal stimulus is the image of the
object projected onto the retina
- differentiate between recognition-by-components theory and feature-
analysis theory
know the drawbacks of both - -recognition-by-components theory: in visual
perception, a theory which proposes that people can recognize 3-D shapes
called geons, geons can be combined to form meaningful objects
drawback: requires an important modification bc people recognize objects
more quickly when those objects are seen from a standard viewpoint, rather
than a much different viewpoint
Exam Questions and Answers
perception - -use of previous knowledge to gather and interpret stimuli
registered by your senses
combines aspects of both the outside world (visual stimulus) and your inner
world (previous knowledge)
- object recognition/pattern recognition - -identifying an arrangement of
sensory stimuli and perceiving it to be separate from its background
when you recognize an object your sensory processes transform and
organize new raw info, you can also compare this information with
information stored in your memory
- distal stimulus - -actual object that is in the environment
- proximal stimulus - -information registered on your sensory receptors
(image pen pen creates on retina)
- retina - -inside back portion of the eye that contains millions of neurons
that register and transmit visual info from the outside world
- sensory memory - -large-capacity storage system that records information
from each of the senses with reasonable accuracy
- iconic memory/visual sensory memory - -preserves an image of a visual
stimulus for a brief period after the stimulus has disappeared
- primary visual cortex - -located in the occipital love of the brain, the
portion of the cerebral cortex that is concerned with basic processing of
visual stimuli, also the first places where info from the eyes is combined
- occipital lobe - -back of the brain where most basic components of vision
are processed
- figure - -In gestalt psychology, when two areas share a common boundary,
the figure is the area that has a distinct shape with clearly defined edges.
This area seems closer and more dominant.
- ground - -In gestalt psychology, when two areas share a common
boundary, the area that is seen as being behind the figure, forming the
background.
, - ambiguous figure-ground relationship - -when the figure and ground
reverse from time to time
- illusory contours/subjective contours - -seeing the edges of a shape even
though they are not physically present in the stimulus
- templates - -specific patterns that you have stored in memory
- feature-analysis theories - -relatively flexible approach, in which a visual
stimulus is composed of a small number of characteristics or components
- distinctive features - -visual characteristics
- recognition-by-components theory - -specific view of an objext can be
represented as arrangements of geons that can be combined to form
meaningful objexts
- geons - -simple 3D shapes
- top-down processing - -expectations at the higher level of visual
processing will work their way down and guide the early processing of visual
stimuli
- bottom-up processing - -the physical stimuli from the environment are
registered on the sensory receptors and then passed on to higher, more
sophisticated levels in the perceptual system
- views-centered approach - -proposes that we store a small number of
views of 3D objexts rather than just one view
- differentiate between distal and proximal stimulus - -distal stimulus is the
object that is out in the open, and proximal stimulus is the image of the
object projected onto the retina
- differentiate between recognition-by-components theory and feature-
analysis theory
know the drawbacks of both - -recognition-by-components theory: in visual
perception, a theory which proposes that people can recognize 3-D shapes
called geons, geons can be combined to form meaningful objects
drawback: requires an important modification bc people recognize objects
more quickly when those objects are seen from a standard viewpoint, rather
than a much different viewpoint
