Exam 2: PRN 1032 (2025/2026 Newly
Updated) Client-Centered Care I Exam
Review questions and answers 100% verified
1Hyponatremia symptoms and definition – answer Low sodium
✓ Most common electrolyte imbalance
✓ Central nervous system and neuromuscular changes resulting from failure of
swollen cells to transmit electrical impulses
✓ Fatigue, lethargy, headache, mental confusion, altered level of consciousness,
anxiety, coma, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, seizures, decreased sensation, decreased
blood pressure (BP)
2Foods containing vitamin A - answerLiver, eggs, fish, milk, carrots, sweet potato, pumpkin, and spinach
3Vitamin K deficiency symptoms - answerdefective blood clotting, bone fractures
Vitamin k deficiency diseases - answerHemorrhagic disease, defective blood clotting
Vitamin K special considerations - answerDo not take with blood thinner medications (warfarin)
Vitamin K benefits - answerBlood clotting, blood calcium regulation, and bone development
Who is susceptible to vitamin K
deficiency? - answerPeople with severe malabsorption disorders such as Crohn's disease or who receive
chronic treatment with antibiotics
Vitamin K foods - answerDark green vegetables ( Spinach, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, lettuce, cabbage,
canned tuna, spaghetti sauce and liver)
,Vitamin D deficiency diseases - answerrickets, and growth retardation in children and osteomalacia in
adults
Vitamin D foods - answerEggs, liver, butter, some fatty fish, and fortified milk
Supplements for breastfed infants
Vitamin D deficiency symptoms - answerFrequent illness, fatigue, bone pain, impaired wound healing,
bone loss, hair loss, muscle pain
Vitamin D benefits - answerStrengthens and helps form bones and teeth via calcium and phosphorus.
Helps with immune function, neuromuscular function, cell function (proliferation, differentiation, and
apoptosis)
Critical function of vitamin D - answercell homeostasis
Phosphorus benefits - answerUsed in all cell function - more than any other mineral
Bone and tooth formation
Energy metabolism
Acid base balance
Phosphorus foods - answerFish, poultry, eggs, leafy greens, avocado, oats, legumes
Hyponatremia symptoms and definitions - answer- Low sodium
- Most common electrolyte imbalance
- Central nervous system and neuromuscular changes resulting from failure of swollen cells to transmit
electrical impulses
- Fatigue, lethergy, headache, mental confusion, altered level of consciousness, anxiety, coma, anorexia,
nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, seizures, decreased sensation, decreased BP
Hyponatremia causes - answer*Inadequate sodium intake* (nothing by mouth)
Gastrointestinal suction
,*Excessive intake of water*
*Irrigation of gastrointestinal tubes with plain water*
*Potent* diuretics
*Increased* perspiration
*Draining skin lesions*
Burns
*Nausea* and vomiting
Diabetic ketoacidosis (metabolic acidosis)
Syndrome of *inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion*
Retention of fluid, such as with kidney or heart failure
Hyponatremia nursing interventions - answer- Restrict water intake as ordered for patients with
congestive heart failure, kidney failure, and inadequate antidiuretic hormone production.
✓ Liberalize a low-sodium diet.
✓ Closely monitor patient receiving IV solutions to correct hyponatremia.
✓ Replace water loss with fluids containing sodium.
Hypernatremia definition and symptoms - answer- High sodium
- Dry mucous membranes, taut skin turgor, intense thirst, flushed skin, oliguria, possibly elevated
temperature
- Weakness, lethargy, irritability, twitching, seizures, coma, intracranial bleeding
- Low-grade fever
Hypernatremia causes - answer- High-sodium diet, inadequate water intake as in a comatose, mentally
confused, or debilitated patient
✓ Excessive sweating, diarrhea, failure of kidney to reabsorb water from urine
✓ Administration of high-protein, hyperosmotic tube feedings and osmotic
diuretics
✓ Water loss from fever, respiratory infection, or watery diarrhea
, Hypernatremia nursing interventions - answer- Encourage increased fluid intake.
✓ Measure intake and output (I&O).
✓ Give water between tube feedings.
✓ Restrict sodium intake.
✓ Monitor temperature.
Hypokalemia definition and symptoms - answer- Low potassium
✓ Abdominal pain, paralytic ileus, gaseous distention of intestines
✓ Cardiac dysrhythmias, muscle weakness, decreased reflexes, paralysis, urinary
retention, increased urinary pH, lethargy, confusion, electrocardiogram (ECG)
changes
✓ Severe cases can cause cardiac arrest
Hypokalemia causes - answer- Inadequate intake of potassium-rich foods
✓ Loss of potassium in urine when kidneys do not reabsorb the mineral
✓ Loss of potassium from intestinal tract as a result of diarrhea or vomiting,
drainage from fistulas, or overuse of gastric suction
✓ Improper use of diuretics
Hypokalemia nursing interventions - answer- Instruct patients (especially those taking diuretics) about
foods high in potassium content; encourage intake.
✓ Observe closely for signs of digitalis toxicity in patients taking this drug.
✓ Teach patients to watch for signs of hypokalemia.
✓ Administer potassium chloride supplement as ordered.
✓ Monitor I&O and cardiac rhythm.
Hyperkalemia definition and symptoms - answer- High potassium
Updated) Client-Centered Care I Exam
Review questions and answers 100% verified
1Hyponatremia symptoms and definition – answer Low sodium
✓ Most common electrolyte imbalance
✓ Central nervous system and neuromuscular changes resulting from failure of
swollen cells to transmit electrical impulses
✓ Fatigue, lethargy, headache, mental confusion, altered level of consciousness,
anxiety, coma, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, seizures, decreased sensation, decreased
blood pressure (BP)
2Foods containing vitamin A - answerLiver, eggs, fish, milk, carrots, sweet potato, pumpkin, and spinach
3Vitamin K deficiency symptoms - answerdefective blood clotting, bone fractures
Vitamin k deficiency diseases - answerHemorrhagic disease, defective blood clotting
Vitamin K special considerations - answerDo not take with blood thinner medications (warfarin)
Vitamin K benefits - answerBlood clotting, blood calcium regulation, and bone development
Who is susceptible to vitamin K
deficiency? - answerPeople with severe malabsorption disorders such as Crohn's disease or who receive
chronic treatment with antibiotics
Vitamin K foods - answerDark green vegetables ( Spinach, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, lettuce, cabbage,
canned tuna, spaghetti sauce and liver)
,Vitamin D deficiency diseases - answerrickets, and growth retardation in children and osteomalacia in
adults
Vitamin D foods - answerEggs, liver, butter, some fatty fish, and fortified milk
Supplements for breastfed infants
Vitamin D deficiency symptoms - answerFrequent illness, fatigue, bone pain, impaired wound healing,
bone loss, hair loss, muscle pain
Vitamin D benefits - answerStrengthens and helps form bones and teeth via calcium and phosphorus.
Helps with immune function, neuromuscular function, cell function (proliferation, differentiation, and
apoptosis)
Critical function of vitamin D - answercell homeostasis
Phosphorus benefits - answerUsed in all cell function - more than any other mineral
Bone and tooth formation
Energy metabolism
Acid base balance
Phosphorus foods - answerFish, poultry, eggs, leafy greens, avocado, oats, legumes
Hyponatremia symptoms and definitions - answer- Low sodium
- Most common electrolyte imbalance
- Central nervous system and neuromuscular changes resulting from failure of swollen cells to transmit
electrical impulses
- Fatigue, lethergy, headache, mental confusion, altered level of consciousness, anxiety, coma, anorexia,
nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, seizures, decreased sensation, decreased BP
Hyponatremia causes - answer*Inadequate sodium intake* (nothing by mouth)
Gastrointestinal suction
,*Excessive intake of water*
*Irrigation of gastrointestinal tubes with plain water*
*Potent* diuretics
*Increased* perspiration
*Draining skin lesions*
Burns
*Nausea* and vomiting
Diabetic ketoacidosis (metabolic acidosis)
Syndrome of *inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion*
Retention of fluid, such as with kidney or heart failure
Hyponatremia nursing interventions - answer- Restrict water intake as ordered for patients with
congestive heart failure, kidney failure, and inadequate antidiuretic hormone production.
✓ Liberalize a low-sodium diet.
✓ Closely monitor patient receiving IV solutions to correct hyponatremia.
✓ Replace water loss with fluids containing sodium.
Hypernatremia definition and symptoms - answer- High sodium
- Dry mucous membranes, taut skin turgor, intense thirst, flushed skin, oliguria, possibly elevated
temperature
- Weakness, lethargy, irritability, twitching, seizures, coma, intracranial bleeding
- Low-grade fever
Hypernatremia causes - answer- High-sodium diet, inadequate water intake as in a comatose, mentally
confused, or debilitated patient
✓ Excessive sweating, diarrhea, failure of kidney to reabsorb water from urine
✓ Administration of high-protein, hyperosmotic tube feedings and osmotic
diuretics
✓ Water loss from fever, respiratory infection, or watery diarrhea
, Hypernatremia nursing interventions - answer- Encourage increased fluid intake.
✓ Measure intake and output (I&O).
✓ Give water between tube feedings.
✓ Restrict sodium intake.
✓ Monitor temperature.
Hypokalemia definition and symptoms - answer- Low potassium
✓ Abdominal pain, paralytic ileus, gaseous distention of intestines
✓ Cardiac dysrhythmias, muscle weakness, decreased reflexes, paralysis, urinary
retention, increased urinary pH, lethargy, confusion, electrocardiogram (ECG)
changes
✓ Severe cases can cause cardiac arrest
Hypokalemia causes - answer- Inadequate intake of potassium-rich foods
✓ Loss of potassium in urine when kidneys do not reabsorb the mineral
✓ Loss of potassium from intestinal tract as a result of diarrhea or vomiting,
drainage from fistulas, or overuse of gastric suction
✓ Improper use of diuretics
Hypokalemia nursing interventions - answer- Instruct patients (especially those taking diuretics) about
foods high in potassium content; encourage intake.
✓ Observe closely for signs of digitalis toxicity in patients taking this drug.
✓ Teach patients to watch for signs of hypokalemia.
✓ Administer potassium chloride supplement as ordered.
✓ Monitor I&O and cardiac rhythm.
Hyperkalemia definition and symptoms - answer- High potassium
