ANP1105 Final Exam University of Ottawa 2025 NEWEST /
ACTUAL COMPLETE REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS ( EXPERT VERIFIED
SOLUTION) ALREADY GRADED A+!!
What is the primary muscle of respiration? - ANSWER-The
diaphragm.
How does polycythemia affect vascular resistance and blood
flow? - ANSWER-
Increased hematocrit raises blood viscosity, increasing
vascular resistance and
workload on the
heart
Why might a patient with liver failure develop systemic
hypotension? -
ANSWER-Reduced albumin production lowers plasma oncotic
pressure, leading to fluid leakage into interstitial spaces
(ascites, peripheral edema).
How do arterioles act as the primary site of vascular
resistance? – ANSWER-Arterioles have the highest resistance
due to their small diameter and ability to constrict/dilate, crucial
for regulating blood pressure and tissue perfusion.
How does Laplace's Law explain the risk of aneurysm rupture?
- ANSWERT=P×rT
,T is wall tension, P is pressure r is radius; as the aneurysm
enlarges, wall tension increases, increasing rupture risk.
What is autoregulation, and how do myogenic and metabolic
mechanisms contribute to it? - ANSWER-Autoregulation
maintains constant blood flow despite pressure changes. The
myogenic response involves smooth muscle contraction in
response to stretch, while metabolic control adjusts flow based
on tissue oxygen and metabolite levels.
Why does the pulmonary circulation have a lower
pressure compared to
systemic circulation? - ANSWER-To facilitate gas
exchange without fluid
leakage into alveoli, pulmonary vessels have low
resistance and high
compliance
What is the functional significance of the portal venous system
in the liver? - ANSWER-The hepatic portal system allows direct
transport of nutrient-rich, deoxygenated blood from the gut to
the liver for metabolism before systemic circulation.
How does fetal circulation bypass the lungs, and what structures
facilitate this? -
ANSWER-The foramen ovale shunts blood between atria,
and the ductus
,arteriosus diverts blood from the pulmonary trunk
to the aorta.
Explain the concept of cerebral autoregulation and its limits.
- ANSWER-The
brain maintains constant perfusion via vasodilation or
vasoconstriction between
MAP 60-150 mmHg; outside this range, ischemia or
hemorrhage may occur.
What is reactive hyperemia, and why does it occur? -
ANSWERIncreased blood flow after a period of ischemia due to
accumulated metabolic byproducts (e.g., CO₂, H⁺, adenosine)
inducing vasodilation.
How does shear stress influence endothelial function and
vascular health? -
ANSWER-Shear stress stimulates nitric oxide (NO)
release, promoting
vasodilation and inhibiting
atherosclerosis.
How does chronic hypertension lead to arteriosclerosis?
ANSWER-High pressure induces endothelial damage,
increased collagen deposition, and
vessel wall thickening, reducing
compliance.
, Explain how atherosclerotic plaques develop and their
progression stages. - ANSWER-LDL oxidation → macrophage
infiltration → foam cell formation → fatty streak → fibrous
plaque → potential rupture and thrombosis.
Differentiate between primary and secondary hypertension. -
ANSWER-Primary
(essential) hypertension has no clear cause (genetics,
lifestyle factors);
secondary hypertension results from identifiable
conditions (renal disease,
hormonal
disorders).
Why does deep vein thrombosis (DVT) pose a risk for
pulmonary embolism? -
ANSWER-A clot in deep veins can dislodge, travel through
venous circulation,
and lodge in pulmonary arteries, obstructing
oxygenation.
How do carotid and aortic baroreceptors regulate short-term
blood pressure? -
ANSWER-Increased pressure → baroreceptors fire → vagal
activation
decreases HR and BP; decreased pressure → sympathetic
activation raises BP.
ACTUAL COMPLETE REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS ( EXPERT VERIFIED
SOLUTION) ALREADY GRADED A+!!
What is the primary muscle of respiration? - ANSWER-The
diaphragm.
How does polycythemia affect vascular resistance and blood
flow? - ANSWER-
Increased hematocrit raises blood viscosity, increasing
vascular resistance and
workload on the
heart
Why might a patient with liver failure develop systemic
hypotension? -
ANSWER-Reduced albumin production lowers plasma oncotic
pressure, leading to fluid leakage into interstitial spaces
(ascites, peripheral edema).
How do arterioles act as the primary site of vascular
resistance? – ANSWER-Arterioles have the highest resistance
due to their small diameter and ability to constrict/dilate, crucial
for regulating blood pressure and tissue perfusion.
How does Laplace's Law explain the risk of aneurysm rupture?
- ANSWERT=P×rT
,T is wall tension, P is pressure r is radius; as the aneurysm
enlarges, wall tension increases, increasing rupture risk.
What is autoregulation, and how do myogenic and metabolic
mechanisms contribute to it? - ANSWER-Autoregulation
maintains constant blood flow despite pressure changes. The
myogenic response involves smooth muscle contraction in
response to stretch, while metabolic control adjusts flow based
on tissue oxygen and metabolite levels.
Why does the pulmonary circulation have a lower
pressure compared to
systemic circulation? - ANSWER-To facilitate gas
exchange without fluid
leakage into alveoli, pulmonary vessels have low
resistance and high
compliance
What is the functional significance of the portal venous system
in the liver? - ANSWER-The hepatic portal system allows direct
transport of nutrient-rich, deoxygenated blood from the gut to
the liver for metabolism before systemic circulation.
How does fetal circulation bypass the lungs, and what structures
facilitate this? -
ANSWER-The foramen ovale shunts blood between atria,
and the ductus
,arteriosus diverts blood from the pulmonary trunk
to the aorta.
Explain the concept of cerebral autoregulation and its limits.
- ANSWER-The
brain maintains constant perfusion via vasodilation or
vasoconstriction between
MAP 60-150 mmHg; outside this range, ischemia or
hemorrhage may occur.
What is reactive hyperemia, and why does it occur? -
ANSWERIncreased blood flow after a period of ischemia due to
accumulated metabolic byproducts (e.g., CO₂, H⁺, adenosine)
inducing vasodilation.
How does shear stress influence endothelial function and
vascular health? -
ANSWER-Shear stress stimulates nitric oxide (NO)
release, promoting
vasodilation and inhibiting
atherosclerosis.
How does chronic hypertension lead to arteriosclerosis?
ANSWER-High pressure induces endothelial damage,
increased collagen deposition, and
vessel wall thickening, reducing
compliance.
, Explain how atherosclerotic plaques develop and their
progression stages. - ANSWER-LDL oxidation → macrophage
infiltration → foam cell formation → fatty streak → fibrous
plaque → potential rupture and thrombosis.
Differentiate between primary and secondary hypertension. -
ANSWER-Primary
(essential) hypertension has no clear cause (genetics,
lifestyle factors);
secondary hypertension results from identifiable
conditions (renal disease,
hormonal
disorders).
Why does deep vein thrombosis (DVT) pose a risk for
pulmonary embolism? -
ANSWER-A clot in deep veins can dislodge, travel through
venous circulation,
and lodge in pulmonary arteries, obstructing
oxygenation.
How do carotid and aortic baroreceptors regulate short-term
blood pressure? -
ANSWER-Increased pressure → baroreceptors fire → vagal
activation
decreases HR and BP; decreased pressure → sympathetic
activation raises BP.
