NUSCTX 10 Midterm 3 2025/2026 Exam
Questions with 100% Correct Answers |
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overview of the digestion and absorption of vitamins - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1. all
vitamins: digestive process in the stomach begin the release of vitamins from food
2. all vitamins: digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas and in the release of
vitamins and food (first put into form that is bioavailable)
3. fat soluble vitamins only: bile produced in the liver (and stored in the gall-
balder) aids in fat-soluble vitamin absorption
4. fat soluble vitamins only: fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed in the small
intestine, along with dietary fat and carried by chylomicrons into the lymphatic
circulation (piggy back on lipids packaged to get through aqueous environment)
5. waters-soluble vitamins only: water-soluble vitamins are absorbed in the small
intestine and released directly into the blood through hepatic portal circulation (no
special packaging needed)
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,5. vitamin K only: small amounts of K are made by bacteria in the ilium of the
small intestine and in the large intestine
lipid digestion and absorption - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-in the small intestine, the
products of fat digestion and bile acids form micelles, which move close enough to
the microvilli to allow lipids to diffuse into the mucosal cells
-inside the mucosal cells, fatty acids and monoglycerides are reassembled into
triglycerides and incorporated into lipid transport particles, which enter the lymph
lipoprotein - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-transport lipids and cholesterol in the blood
-contains triglycerides and free cholesterol, protein, phospholipids, cholesterol
bond to fatty acids
-vitamin A: put together as a triglyceride (in the core)
-if you have disease like celiac that doesn't allow absorption of lipids --> Vitamin
A deficiency if its tied to absorption
lipoproteins (lipids in the blood circulation):
-VLDL: delivers fatty acids made by liver
-IDL: delivers fatty acids made by liver
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,-LDL: delivery of cholesterol
-HDL: picking up (scavenging) excess cholesterol from cells for delivery back to
the liver
-Chylomicrons: delivery of fatty acids
lipid transport from the small intestine - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1. chylomicrons formed
in the mucosal cells pass first into the lymph, which drains into the blood. They
circulate in the blood, delivering triglycerides to body cells.
2. The enzyme lipoprotein lipase which is present on the surface of cells lining the
blood vessels, breaks down the triglycerides in chylomicrons into fatty acids and
glycerol. These can then enter the surrounding cells.
4. VLDLs are made in the liver and transport lipids away from the liver. They
function similarly to chylomicrons because both particles deliver triglycerides to
body cells with the help of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase
6. To deliver cholesterol, LDL particles bind to LDL receptors in the cell
membrane. This allows the LDL particle to enter the cell, where the cholesterol
and other components can be used.
7. HDL particles pick up cholesterol from other
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435.
TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
, lipoproteins and body cells and return it to the liver. Some of this cholesterol is
broken down and some is transferred to organs with high requirements for
cholesterol, such as those that synthesize steroid hormones.
ketones - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-used for energy: converted back to acetyl CoA and
enter TCA cycle, brain can run on energy from ketones but can't run only on
ketones (still need glucose from diet or breaking down proteins), and ketones spare
protein
-ketones lost in urine and breath (fruity breath)
-inefficient use of energy
dietary factors that increase risk associated with fat intake - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-
cholesterol
-saturated fat
-trans fat
-sodium
-excess energy
-excess sugar
fat soluble vitamins (FSV) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-vitamins A,D,E,K
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435.
TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 4
Questions with 100% Correct Answers |
Latest Update
overview of the digestion and absorption of vitamins - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1. all
vitamins: digestive process in the stomach begin the release of vitamins from food
2. all vitamins: digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas and in the release of
vitamins and food (first put into form that is bioavailable)
3. fat soluble vitamins only: bile produced in the liver (and stored in the gall-
balder) aids in fat-soluble vitamin absorption
4. fat soluble vitamins only: fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed in the small
intestine, along with dietary fat and carried by chylomicrons into the lymphatic
circulation (piggy back on lipids packaged to get through aqueous environment)
5. waters-soluble vitamins only: water-soluble vitamins are absorbed in the small
intestine and released directly into the blood through hepatic portal circulation (no
special packaging needed)
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435.
TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,5. vitamin K only: small amounts of K are made by bacteria in the ilium of the
small intestine and in the large intestine
lipid digestion and absorption - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-in the small intestine, the
products of fat digestion and bile acids form micelles, which move close enough to
the microvilli to allow lipids to diffuse into the mucosal cells
-inside the mucosal cells, fatty acids and monoglycerides are reassembled into
triglycerides and incorporated into lipid transport particles, which enter the lymph
lipoprotein - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-transport lipids and cholesterol in the blood
-contains triglycerides and free cholesterol, protein, phospholipids, cholesterol
bond to fatty acids
-vitamin A: put together as a triglyceride (in the core)
-if you have disease like celiac that doesn't allow absorption of lipids --> Vitamin
A deficiency if its tied to absorption
lipoproteins (lipids in the blood circulation):
-VLDL: delivers fatty acids made by liver
-IDL: delivers fatty acids made by liver
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435.
TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
,-LDL: delivery of cholesterol
-HDL: picking up (scavenging) excess cholesterol from cells for delivery back to
the liver
-Chylomicrons: delivery of fatty acids
lipid transport from the small intestine - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1. chylomicrons formed
in the mucosal cells pass first into the lymph, which drains into the blood. They
circulate in the blood, delivering triglycerides to body cells.
2. The enzyme lipoprotein lipase which is present on the surface of cells lining the
blood vessels, breaks down the triglycerides in chylomicrons into fatty acids and
glycerol. These can then enter the surrounding cells.
4. VLDLs are made in the liver and transport lipids away from the liver. They
function similarly to chylomicrons because both particles deliver triglycerides to
body cells with the help of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase
6. To deliver cholesterol, LDL particles bind to LDL receptors in the cell
membrane. This allows the LDL particle to enter the cell, where the cholesterol
and other components can be used.
7. HDL particles pick up cholesterol from other
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435.
TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
, lipoproteins and body cells and return it to the liver. Some of this cholesterol is
broken down and some is transferred to organs with high requirements for
cholesterol, such as those that synthesize steroid hormones.
ketones - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-used for energy: converted back to acetyl CoA and
enter TCA cycle, brain can run on energy from ketones but can't run only on
ketones (still need glucose from diet or breaking down proteins), and ketones spare
protein
-ketones lost in urine and breath (fruity breath)
-inefficient use of energy
dietary factors that increase risk associated with fat intake - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-
cholesterol
-saturated fat
-trans fat
-sodium
-excess energy
-excess sugar
fat soluble vitamins (FSV) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-vitamins A,D,E,K
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435.
TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 4
