EXP3604 Exam 1 Chapter 1 Questions
and Answers
cognition - -Mental activity, describes acquisition, storage, transformation
and use of knowledge. Focuses on the inner-workings of the human mind.
- cognitive psychology - -1. Synonym for the word cognition
2. Refers to a particular theoretical approach to psychology. Talks about
eyewitness approach can either be social or cognitive.
- cognitive approach - -A theoretical orientation that emphasizes peoples
thought process and their knowledge.
- empirical evidence - -scientific evidence obtained by careful observation
and experimentation (Aristotle)
- Wilhelm Wundt - -Founder of experimental psychology. First Psychology
Lab (1879). Used structuralism (we need to break everything down to basic
processes) This was done using introspection.
- introspection - -People are exposed to different stimuli. Wundt would write
down step by step what was occurring in an individuals mind.
- Discuss the drawbacks of introspection. - -
- Hermann Ebbinghaus - -Interested in human memory, examined a variety
of factors that might influence performance on memory tasks. Studied
nonsense syllables (DBJ, VQR, etc.). He did this to see how long it takes to
learn new or old lists.
- Why did Ebbinghaus learn nonsense syllables instead of actual words? - -
This precaution reduced the potentially confounding effects of people's
previous experience with language on their ability to recall information from
their memories.
- Mary Calkins - -First female president of the APA. Paired associate
learning. She learned words linked together "rainbow-cathedral, captain-
carbon". Found that word pairs that shared more meaning were easier to
remember (ex. FSU-inferior)
- recency effect - -refers to the observation that our recall is especially
accurate for the final items in a series of stimuli (such as a list of words or
numbers)
, - William James - -Wrote first Principles of Psychology book, which
emphasized how the human mind is active and inquiring. It rejected Wundt
and Ebbinghaus. Very applied.
- Frederic C. Bartlett - -Rejected Ebbinghaus. Used stories. Memory as
active, constructive process. Schema based approach.
- gestalt - -overall quality that transcends the individual elements
- Gestalt psychology - -Emphasizes that we humans have basic tendencies
to actively organize what we see, and furthermore, that the whole is greater
than the sum of its parts. Fascinated with ambiguous figure-ground
relationships and illusory contours.
- The Gestalt Approach - -A psychological school of thought originating in
Germany that proposed that the whole of a perception must be understood
rather than trying to deconstruct perception into its parts (Rejected Wundt
and Behaviorism)
- Explain how organization is important to gestalt theory. - -Gestalt
psychologists emphasized the importance of insight in problem solving.
When you are trying to solve a problem, the parts of the problem may
initially seem unrelated to each other. With insight, the parts fit together into
a solution. Humans have a basic tendency to actively organize what they
see; the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
- Behaviorism - -Psychology must focus on objective, observable reactions
to stimuli in the environment, rather than on introspection; Emphasized the
importance of the operational definition, a precise definition that specifies
exactly how a concept is to be measured.
- Classical conditioning - -a situation in which a relation exists between a
stimulus (ex. A ringing bell) and an outcome (getting food); the organism
demonstrates behavior or response (ex. salivating) that show that the
organism has learned the association between the stimulus and outcome
- Operant conditioning - -organisms learn to emit responses or behaviors
(ex. Pressing a bar) in response to a stimulus, to achieve desirable outcomes
(getting food) or avoiding undesirable outcomes (getting electric shock)
- Operational definition - -specifies exactly how a concept is to be measured
- What are the two essential components of an operational definition? - -
MUST be observable and countable
and Answers
cognition - -Mental activity, describes acquisition, storage, transformation
and use of knowledge. Focuses on the inner-workings of the human mind.
- cognitive psychology - -1. Synonym for the word cognition
2. Refers to a particular theoretical approach to psychology. Talks about
eyewitness approach can either be social or cognitive.
- cognitive approach - -A theoretical orientation that emphasizes peoples
thought process and their knowledge.
- empirical evidence - -scientific evidence obtained by careful observation
and experimentation (Aristotle)
- Wilhelm Wundt - -Founder of experimental psychology. First Psychology
Lab (1879). Used structuralism (we need to break everything down to basic
processes) This was done using introspection.
- introspection - -People are exposed to different stimuli. Wundt would write
down step by step what was occurring in an individuals mind.
- Discuss the drawbacks of introspection. - -
- Hermann Ebbinghaus - -Interested in human memory, examined a variety
of factors that might influence performance on memory tasks. Studied
nonsense syllables (DBJ, VQR, etc.). He did this to see how long it takes to
learn new or old lists.
- Why did Ebbinghaus learn nonsense syllables instead of actual words? - -
This precaution reduced the potentially confounding effects of people's
previous experience with language on their ability to recall information from
their memories.
- Mary Calkins - -First female president of the APA. Paired associate
learning. She learned words linked together "rainbow-cathedral, captain-
carbon". Found that word pairs that shared more meaning were easier to
remember (ex. FSU-inferior)
- recency effect - -refers to the observation that our recall is especially
accurate for the final items in a series of stimuli (such as a list of words or
numbers)
, - William James - -Wrote first Principles of Psychology book, which
emphasized how the human mind is active and inquiring. It rejected Wundt
and Ebbinghaus. Very applied.
- Frederic C. Bartlett - -Rejected Ebbinghaus. Used stories. Memory as
active, constructive process. Schema based approach.
- gestalt - -overall quality that transcends the individual elements
- Gestalt psychology - -Emphasizes that we humans have basic tendencies
to actively organize what we see, and furthermore, that the whole is greater
than the sum of its parts. Fascinated with ambiguous figure-ground
relationships and illusory contours.
- The Gestalt Approach - -A psychological school of thought originating in
Germany that proposed that the whole of a perception must be understood
rather than trying to deconstruct perception into its parts (Rejected Wundt
and Behaviorism)
- Explain how organization is important to gestalt theory. - -Gestalt
psychologists emphasized the importance of insight in problem solving.
When you are trying to solve a problem, the parts of the problem may
initially seem unrelated to each other. With insight, the parts fit together into
a solution. Humans have a basic tendency to actively organize what they
see; the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
- Behaviorism - -Psychology must focus on objective, observable reactions
to stimuli in the environment, rather than on introspection; Emphasized the
importance of the operational definition, a precise definition that specifies
exactly how a concept is to be measured.
- Classical conditioning - -a situation in which a relation exists between a
stimulus (ex. A ringing bell) and an outcome (getting food); the organism
demonstrates behavior or response (ex. salivating) that show that the
organism has learned the association between the stimulus and outcome
- Operant conditioning - -organisms learn to emit responses or behaviors
(ex. Pressing a bar) in response to a stimulus, to achieve desirable outcomes
(getting food) or avoiding undesirable outcomes (getting electric shock)
- Operational definition - -specifies exactly how a concept is to be measured
- What are the two essential components of an operational definition? - -
MUST be observable and countable
