Patho Exam 1 NSG 533 Questions
with Correct Answers
5 essential components of pathophysiology - ANSWERS1. Etiology (the why of disease,
the reason for it)
2. Epidemiology (risk factors and distributions in populations, incidence and prevalence
in disease)
3. Pathogenesis (disease mechanisms; the sequence of events that occurs between the
stimulus event and the manifestations of the disease)
4. Clinical Manifestations (signs, symptoms, diagnostic criteria)
5. Outcomes (cure, remission, chronicity, death)
"unknown" etiology of disease - ANSWERSidiopathic and cryptogenic
Iatrogenic - ANSWERSetiology of disease as a result of surgical/medical intervention
Incidence - ANSWERSthe new number of cases in a given population in a specific time
period; 1 in 690 births - 1/690 x 100 = 0.14%
Prevalence - ANSWERSnumber of cases, both old and new, during a specific time
period; 400,000 in a population of 314 million - 400,000/314,000,000 x 100 = 0.13%
4 common mechanisms of cell injury and death - ANSWERS1. ATP Depletion
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium state
4. defects in membrane permeability
The disease mechanism that is the basis of much of the disease today- and most of the
cases involve hypoxia. Refers to the inability of the cell to produce adequate energy to
fuel normal activities of that particular cell type (cell membrane pumps and protein
synthesis) and function. - ANSWERSATP deletion - the inability of the cell to produce
adequate energy
what are the two phases of ATP production? - ANSWERS1. Aerobic (oxidative
phosphorylation)
2. Anaerobic (glycolysis)
how many ATP does glycolysis yield? - ANSWERS2
,How many ATP does oxidative phosphorylation yield? - ANSWERS36
What is the most common method of impairing oxygen and ATP production? -
ANSWERSHypoxia - respiratory abnormalities, flow problems such as ischemia, lack of
sufficient hgb to carry (anemia), and hemoglobinopathies
Can lead to irreversible cell injury directly through impairment of energy production in
the cell. - ANSWERSIschemia
What are the cellular events that occur with ischemia-induced- hypoxic injury? -
ANSWERS1. Decreased oxygen -> decreased ATP production within the mitochondria
declines
2. The drop in ATP causes NA-K- ATPase pump on CM to fail. Na and Ca influx into the
cell, K diffuses out of the cell. Na and H20 enter freely into the cell.
3. Increase in water in cell causes cell and it's organelles to swell.
4. When RER swell it's ribosomes fall off and protein synthesis stops.
5. ATP production through phosphorylation declines and glycolysis (anaerobic
metabolism) increases. When glycolysis increases in the cell glycogen stores are
depleted.
6. Glycolysis also produces lactic acid as by-product. Lactic acid increases and pH
declines ( the cell functions within narrow range of pH and even slight drop can
incapacitate the cell).
7. Drop in pH causes clumping of nuclear material called pyknosis. Leads to
fragmentation of the nuclear material (karyorrhexis) and then to dissolution of nuclear
membrane (karyolysis). Decline in pH - rupture of already swollen lysosomes and
release of proteolytic enzymes - autodigestion of cell contents and cell membrane.
8. Disruption of CM also increases Ca+ influx into the cell and organelles - activate
proteases, endonucleases, and phospholipases that proceed to destroy the cell.
Pyknosis
Karyorrhexis
Karyolysis - ANSWERSPyknosis - clumping of nuclear material from drop in pH
Karyorrhexis - fragmentation of the nuclear material
Karyolysis - dissolution of nuclear membrane
Explain what happens when the Na-K-ATPase pump fails due to decreased ATP
production - ANSWERSnormally, most sodium ions are outside the cell and most
potassium ions are inside the cell
when the pump fails, sodium freely enters the cell with H2O and calcium, and potassium
freely exits the cell
as a result, the cell swells and and protein synthesis stops
where does protein synthesis occur in a cell? - ANSWERSRough ER with ribosomes on
the surface
, explain what happens where there is an increase in glycolysis due to decreased ATP
production - ANSWERSglycogen is decreased, lactate is increased, intracellular pH is
decreased
decreased pH results in pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis
Free Radicals - ANSWERSUnstable compounds with an unpaired electron in its outer
ring. They have a particular affinity for lipid substances. They combine avidly with cell or
organelle membrane. "Drill a hole" in the membrane of cell. They are normal byproducts
of cellular metabolism, and they are always present in the body.
why are free radicals bad? - ANSWERSthey bind to the phospholipid bilayer of a cell
and drill holes in its membrane
Reactive oxygen species - ANSWERSChemically reactive molecules that are formed as
natural oxidant species in cells during mitochondrial respiration and energy generation.
Most sources come from the mitochondria. Made during the process of making ATP.
Antioxidants - ANSWERSRemove free radicals and ROS from our system
Oxidative Stress - ANSWERSWhen free radicals are produced in amounts that
overwhelm our antioxidants or when antioxidants are decreased.
What can occur within the cell when injury is induced by free radicals? - ANSWERS1.
membrane damage
2. protein modifications
3. mutations in DNA
4. Damage to cell signaling pathways
what are three diseases linked to oxygen-derived free radicals? - ANSWERS1.
Atherosclerosis
2. Cancer
3. Diabetes
4. Alzheimer's
5. Aging
Intracellular calcium and loss of calcium steady state - ANSWERSWithout the ATP-
dependent Ca pumps, Ca cannot be buffered or pumped out of the cells, uncontrolled
enzyme activation
Defects in membrane permeability - ANSWERSEarly loss of all selective membrane
permeability is found in all forms of cell injury
Lysis by enzymes - ANSWERSEnzymes secreted by microorganisms can breakdown
cell membranes once introduced into the body; allows the organisms to dissolve
with Correct Answers
5 essential components of pathophysiology - ANSWERS1. Etiology (the why of disease,
the reason for it)
2. Epidemiology (risk factors and distributions in populations, incidence and prevalence
in disease)
3. Pathogenesis (disease mechanisms; the sequence of events that occurs between the
stimulus event and the manifestations of the disease)
4. Clinical Manifestations (signs, symptoms, diagnostic criteria)
5. Outcomes (cure, remission, chronicity, death)
"unknown" etiology of disease - ANSWERSidiopathic and cryptogenic
Iatrogenic - ANSWERSetiology of disease as a result of surgical/medical intervention
Incidence - ANSWERSthe new number of cases in a given population in a specific time
period; 1 in 690 births - 1/690 x 100 = 0.14%
Prevalence - ANSWERSnumber of cases, both old and new, during a specific time
period; 400,000 in a population of 314 million - 400,000/314,000,000 x 100 = 0.13%
4 common mechanisms of cell injury and death - ANSWERS1. ATP Depletion
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium state
4. defects in membrane permeability
The disease mechanism that is the basis of much of the disease today- and most of the
cases involve hypoxia. Refers to the inability of the cell to produce adequate energy to
fuel normal activities of that particular cell type (cell membrane pumps and protein
synthesis) and function. - ANSWERSATP deletion - the inability of the cell to produce
adequate energy
what are the two phases of ATP production? - ANSWERS1. Aerobic (oxidative
phosphorylation)
2. Anaerobic (glycolysis)
how many ATP does glycolysis yield? - ANSWERS2
,How many ATP does oxidative phosphorylation yield? - ANSWERS36
What is the most common method of impairing oxygen and ATP production? -
ANSWERSHypoxia - respiratory abnormalities, flow problems such as ischemia, lack of
sufficient hgb to carry (anemia), and hemoglobinopathies
Can lead to irreversible cell injury directly through impairment of energy production in
the cell. - ANSWERSIschemia
What are the cellular events that occur with ischemia-induced- hypoxic injury? -
ANSWERS1. Decreased oxygen -> decreased ATP production within the mitochondria
declines
2. The drop in ATP causes NA-K- ATPase pump on CM to fail. Na and Ca influx into the
cell, K diffuses out of the cell. Na and H20 enter freely into the cell.
3. Increase in water in cell causes cell and it's organelles to swell.
4. When RER swell it's ribosomes fall off and protein synthesis stops.
5. ATP production through phosphorylation declines and glycolysis (anaerobic
metabolism) increases. When glycolysis increases in the cell glycogen stores are
depleted.
6. Glycolysis also produces lactic acid as by-product. Lactic acid increases and pH
declines ( the cell functions within narrow range of pH and even slight drop can
incapacitate the cell).
7. Drop in pH causes clumping of nuclear material called pyknosis. Leads to
fragmentation of the nuclear material (karyorrhexis) and then to dissolution of nuclear
membrane (karyolysis). Decline in pH - rupture of already swollen lysosomes and
release of proteolytic enzymes - autodigestion of cell contents and cell membrane.
8. Disruption of CM also increases Ca+ influx into the cell and organelles - activate
proteases, endonucleases, and phospholipases that proceed to destroy the cell.
Pyknosis
Karyorrhexis
Karyolysis - ANSWERSPyknosis - clumping of nuclear material from drop in pH
Karyorrhexis - fragmentation of the nuclear material
Karyolysis - dissolution of nuclear membrane
Explain what happens when the Na-K-ATPase pump fails due to decreased ATP
production - ANSWERSnormally, most sodium ions are outside the cell and most
potassium ions are inside the cell
when the pump fails, sodium freely enters the cell with H2O and calcium, and potassium
freely exits the cell
as a result, the cell swells and and protein synthesis stops
where does protein synthesis occur in a cell? - ANSWERSRough ER with ribosomes on
the surface
, explain what happens where there is an increase in glycolysis due to decreased ATP
production - ANSWERSglycogen is decreased, lactate is increased, intracellular pH is
decreased
decreased pH results in pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis
Free Radicals - ANSWERSUnstable compounds with an unpaired electron in its outer
ring. They have a particular affinity for lipid substances. They combine avidly with cell or
organelle membrane. "Drill a hole" in the membrane of cell. They are normal byproducts
of cellular metabolism, and they are always present in the body.
why are free radicals bad? - ANSWERSthey bind to the phospholipid bilayer of a cell
and drill holes in its membrane
Reactive oxygen species - ANSWERSChemically reactive molecules that are formed as
natural oxidant species in cells during mitochondrial respiration and energy generation.
Most sources come from the mitochondria. Made during the process of making ATP.
Antioxidants - ANSWERSRemove free radicals and ROS from our system
Oxidative Stress - ANSWERSWhen free radicals are produced in amounts that
overwhelm our antioxidants or when antioxidants are decreased.
What can occur within the cell when injury is induced by free radicals? - ANSWERS1.
membrane damage
2. protein modifications
3. mutations in DNA
4. Damage to cell signaling pathways
what are three diseases linked to oxygen-derived free radicals? - ANSWERS1.
Atherosclerosis
2. Cancer
3. Diabetes
4. Alzheimer's
5. Aging
Intracellular calcium and loss of calcium steady state - ANSWERSWithout the ATP-
dependent Ca pumps, Ca cannot be buffered or pumped out of the cells, uncontrolled
enzyme activation
Defects in membrane permeability - ANSWERSEarly loss of all selective membrane
permeability is found in all forms of cell injury
Lysis by enzymes - ANSWERSEnzymes secreted by microorganisms can breakdown
cell membranes once introduced into the body; allows the organisms to dissolve
