Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 4
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1. 20-25%: Kidneys require at least ______ of cardiac output.
2. renin-angiotensin-aldosterone: Reduced perfusion of a kidney activates the
_____ system, which causes constriction of peripheral arterioles.
3. calcium oxalate: most common type of kidney stone
4. referred pain: Passage of kidney stones can be extremely painful and may
produce ______ to the umbilicus area.
5. umbilicus: Referred pain from kidney stones is seen in the ______ area.
6. 10th: Sensory innervation of the upper part of a ureter arises from the _____
thoracic nerve root.
7. urinary tract infection: Common clinical manifestations of a ________ in older
adults include confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort.
8. pyelonephritis: infection of one or both upper urinary tracts, including ureter,
renal pelvis, and kidney interstitium
9. urinary obstruction, reflux of urine from the bladder: ____ and _____ (vesi-
coureteral reflux) are the most common underlying risk factors for development of
pyelonephritis.
10. E. coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas: What are the three most common microorgan-
isms associated with acute pyelonephritis?
11. alkaline: Urine that is acidic/alkaline on the pH scale increases the risk of stone
formation.
12. ammonia: Microorganisms split urea into ____, which makes the urine more
alkaline and therefore increases risk of stone formation.
13. interstitial cystitis: Painful bladder syndrome, also termed ______, is a condi-
tion that includes nonbacterial infectious cystitis and noninfectious cystitis.
14. autoimmune: The exact cause of painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis
(PBS/IC) is unknown, but a(n) ______ reaction may be responsible for the inflam-
matory response, which includes mast cell activation, altered epithelial permeability,
neuroinflammation, and increased sensory nerve sensitivity.
15. nonbacterial: _______ infectious cystitis includes viral, mycobacterial, chlamy-
dial, and fungal causes of the condition.
16. noninfectious: _____ cystitis includes radiation, chemical, autoimmune, and
hypersensitivity causes of the condition.
17. urine culture, urinalysis: Diagnosing cystitis from pyelonephritis is done by
these two lab tests: _____ and ______, as well as the clinical signs and symtpoms.
18. white blood cell: _______ casts indicate a diagnosis of pyelonephritis, rather
than cystitis. However, these are not always present.
19. urea, creatinine, renal creatinine: Reduced glomerular filtration rate during
glomerular disease is evidenced by elevated plasma _______, ______ concentra-
tion, or reduced ______ clearance.
, Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 4
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8cj909
20. acute glomerulonephritis: ____ includes renal diseases in which glomeru-
lar inflammation is caused by immune mechanisms that damage the glomerular
capillary filtration membrane including the endothelium, basement membrane, and
epithelium (podocytes).
21. acute glomerulonephritis: The classic symptoms of ______ include sudden
onset of hematuria including red blood cell casts and proteinuria (milder than
nephrotic syndrome), and in more severe cases, these symptoms are also accom-
panied by edema, hypertension, and impaired renal function.
22. 3.0: Nephrotic syndrome is the excretion of _____g or more of protein in the
urine per day.
23. hypoalbuniemia: _____ is the excretion of less than 3.0g/dl of albumin per day.
24. nephrotic syndrome: ______ is the excretion of massive proteinuria in the urine
each day, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and peripheral edema.
25. glomerular: Nephrotic syndrome is characteristic of ____ injury.
26. primary: ____ causes of nephrotic syndrome include minimal change disease,
membranous glomerulonephritis, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
27. secondary: ______ forms of nephrotic syndrome occur in systemic diseases
including diabetes mellitus, amyloidosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.
28. true: True/false: acute kidney injury may be reversible.
29. 25, 25-30: Renal insufficiency refers to a decline in renal function to about ___
% of normal or an eGFR of ____ml/minute.
30. eGFR: _____ is extremely useful in determining improvement or decline in
kidney function.
31. elevated: Levels of serum creatinine and urea are mildly _____ in acute kidney
injury.
32. 50, 24: Changes in serum creatinine level only occur if more than ___% of
glomerular filtration is lost and are often delayed more than ____ hours.
33. diagnostic delays: What prevents the implementation of early therapy during
acute kidney injury?
34. hyperkalemia, acidosis: Patients with acute kidney injury are prone to develop
______ and metabolic ______.
35. hyperphosphatemia: Acute kidney injury can lead to decreased renal phos-
phate excretion (AKA _______).
36. edema: Fluid retention causes _____ in cases of acute kidney injury.
37. congestive heart failure: Symptoms of ______ develop in persons with cardiac
disease when acute kidney injury occurs.
38. extracellular, decreased: Acute kidney injury commonly results from intracel-
lular/extracellular volume depletion, increased/decreased renal blood flow, or toxic
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8cj909
1. 20-25%: Kidneys require at least ______ of cardiac output.
2. renin-angiotensin-aldosterone: Reduced perfusion of a kidney activates the
_____ system, which causes constriction of peripheral arterioles.
3. calcium oxalate: most common type of kidney stone
4. referred pain: Passage of kidney stones can be extremely painful and may
produce ______ to the umbilicus area.
5. umbilicus: Referred pain from kidney stones is seen in the ______ area.
6. 10th: Sensory innervation of the upper part of a ureter arises from the _____
thoracic nerve root.
7. urinary tract infection: Common clinical manifestations of a ________ in older
adults include confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort.
8. pyelonephritis: infection of one or both upper urinary tracts, including ureter,
renal pelvis, and kidney interstitium
9. urinary obstruction, reflux of urine from the bladder: ____ and _____ (vesi-
coureteral reflux) are the most common underlying risk factors for development of
pyelonephritis.
10. E. coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas: What are the three most common microorgan-
isms associated with acute pyelonephritis?
11. alkaline: Urine that is acidic/alkaline on the pH scale increases the risk of stone
formation.
12. ammonia: Microorganisms split urea into ____, which makes the urine more
alkaline and therefore increases risk of stone formation.
13. interstitial cystitis: Painful bladder syndrome, also termed ______, is a condi-
tion that includes nonbacterial infectious cystitis and noninfectious cystitis.
14. autoimmune: The exact cause of painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis
(PBS/IC) is unknown, but a(n) ______ reaction may be responsible for the inflam-
matory response, which includes mast cell activation, altered epithelial permeability,
neuroinflammation, and increased sensory nerve sensitivity.
15. nonbacterial: _______ infectious cystitis includes viral, mycobacterial, chlamy-
dial, and fungal causes of the condition.
16. noninfectious: _____ cystitis includes radiation, chemical, autoimmune, and
hypersensitivity causes of the condition.
17. urine culture, urinalysis: Diagnosing cystitis from pyelonephritis is done by
these two lab tests: _____ and ______, as well as the clinical signs and symtpoms.
18. white blood cell: _______ casts indicate a diagnosis of pyelonephritis, rather
than cystitis. However, these are not always present.
19. urea, creatinine, renal creatinine: Reduced glomerular filtration rate during
glomerular disease is evidenced by elevated plasma _______, ______ concentra-
tion, or reduced ______ clearance.
, Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 4
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8cj909
20. acute glomerulonephritis: ____ includes renal diseases in which glomeru-
lar inflammation is caused by immune mechanisms that damage the glomerular
capillary filtration membrane including the endothelium, basement membrane, and
epithelium (podocytes).
21. acute glomerulonephritis: The classic symptoms of ______ include sudden
onset of hematuria including red blood cell casts and proteinuria (milder than
nephrotic syndrome), and in more severe cases, these symptoms are also accom-
panied by edema, hypertension, and impaired renal function.
22. 3.0: Nephrotic syndrome is the excretion of _____g or more of protein in the
urine per day.
23. hypoalbuniemia: _____ is the excretion of less than 3.0g/dl of albumin per day.
24. nephrotic syndrome: ______ is the excretion of massive proteinuria in the urine
each day, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and peripheral edema.
25. glomerular: Nephrotic syndrome is characteristic of ____ injury.
26. primary: ____ causes of nephrotic syndrome include minimal change disease,
membranous glomerulonephritis, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
27. secondary: ______ forms of nephrotic syndrome occur in systemic diseases
including diabetes mellitus, amyloidosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.
28. true: True/false: acute kidney injury may be reversible.
29. 25, 25-30: Renal insufficiency refers to a decline in renal function to about ___
% of normal or an eGFR of ____ml/minute.
30. eGFR: _____ is extremely useful in determining improvement or decline in
kidney function.
31. elevated: Levels of serum creatinine and urea are mildly _____ in acute kidney
injury.
32. 50, 24: Changes in serum creatinine level only occur if more than ___% of
glomerular filtration is lost and are often delayed more than ____ hours.
33. diagnostic delays: What prevents the implementation of early therapy during
acute kidney injury?
34. hyperkalemia, acidosis: Patients with acute kidney injury are prone to develop
______ and metabolic ______.
35. hyperphosphatemia: Acute kidney injury can lead to decreased renal phos-
phate excretion (AKA _______).
36. edema: Fluid retention causes _____ in cases of acute kidney injury.
37. congestive heart failure: Symptoms of ______ develop in persons with cardiac
disease when acute kidney injury occurs.
38. extracellular, decreased: Acute kidney injury commonly results from intracel-
lular/extracellular volume depletion, increased/decreased renal blood flow, or toxic
