Bio 202 Best Guide Midterm Exam 2025

Which hormones play a key regulatory role in the body's long term response to stress? - -Cortisol, hGh, and thyroid hormone What are common responses of the body to long term stress? - -Lipolysis, Glucogenisis, Protein Catabolism, Sensitized blood vessels, inflammation, high use of glucose to produce ATP Endocrine aging affect - -Some endocrine glands shrink. -production of HGH, thyroid hormones, cortisol, aldosterone, and estrogens decreases with advancing age. -blood levels of TSH, LH, FSH, and PTH rise. -pancreas releases insulin more slowly with age and receptor sensitivity to glucose declines. Hyperthyroidism during adulthood can produce what disorder? - -Myxedema Inadequate dietary iodine intake will cause what - -Goiter What is an abnormal condition of excess antigen secretion - -Hirutism A condition characterized by excessive development of mammary glands in a male is called - -Gynecomastia Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCg) is produced by what - -Placenta Leptin is a hormone produced by what - -adipose tissues Which germ layer does the thyroid gland develop during embryonic development - ectoderm What does endocrine tissues secrete - -Secrete hormones. they do not have ducts and secrete their hormones directly into the Interstitial fluid that surrounds them. What are common methods of stimulating hormone secretion from an endocrine cell - signals from the nervous system, chemical changes in the blood and other hormones Which organ produces a hormone that promotes maturation of T cells? - -Thymus Genetic recombination generates diversity in what parts of the immune system - -MHC antigen and antigen receptors Biology 202 Biology 202 Which class of cells includes macrophages, B cells and Dendritic cells - -Antigen Presenting Cells To become activated which requires being bound to a foreign antigen and simultaneous costimulation? - -B cell The inability of the immune system to protect the body from the pathogen causes what? - -Immunodeficiency diseases An acute allergic response can lead to what - -Anaphylactic Shock The ability of an antigen to react specifically with the antibodies of cells it has provoked is called what - -reactivity Natural passive immunity is associated with which of the following - -Transfer of IgG from mother to fetus how blood vessel release histamine - -in response to injury, mast cells in connective tissues and basophils and platelets in blood release Histamine. Antigen that induce allergic reaction - -IgE/ Allergen Most important cell in the immune system - -T helper cell Immune system and primary target of HIV virus - -destroys TH cells and depresses cellular immunity Most common type of allergic reaction - -Immediate Hypersensitivity; itchy, redness reaction when allergies arrive Where is the thirst center located - -hypothalamus What stimuli active thirst center - -decreased salivary secretions, increased blood osmolality, decreased blood pressure. Protein buffer in blood plasma - -protein hemoglobin buffer for red blood cells and albumin is main protein buffer in blood plasma Respiratory acidosis - -blood pH drops due to excessive retention of CO2 leading to excess H2CO3 Respiratory Alkalosis - -blood pH rises due to excessive loss of CO2 in hyperventilation In which segments of the nephron and collecting duct does secretion occur? - - secretion occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, and collecting duct. Biology 202 Biology 202 Urea recycling and what does it do to renal - --build up of Urea in the Renal Medulla Increase secretion of hydrogen ion will result in _ of blood _ - --Increase of the blood pH Increase of aldesterone will result in _ of blood _ - --Increase of blood sodium What is it called when you microscopic details in urine. - -Urinalysis; how do you measure kidney function - -plasma creatine how does urine transport from kidney to bladder - -ureter what layer of the ureter is composed of - -Lamina Propria is composed of connective tissues, collagen and elastic fibers. An Increase in permeability of the filtration membrane due to disease, injury, or irritation of kidney cells by substances such as bacterial toxins.. indicates what condition? - Albuminuria Anorexia, starvation, or a diet too in carb indicates which condition - -Ketonuria during stress, there is a large amount of EP secretion and then glycogen will break down, what is this condition called. - --Glucosuria or diabetes mellitus know about excessive urine concentration of a normal breakdown product of hemoglobin, caused by pernicious anemia.. indicates what condition? - - Urobilinogenuria what substances gives vile its major pigmentation - -Bilirubin what happens when there is too much salt eaten in food - -increase in ADH what happens when absence in angiontonsine converting enzyme w