Pathophysiology EXAM 1
1. Type II hypersen- CYTOTOXIC
sitivities 1 Day onset
antibodies bind to antigens on surface of cell
IgG/IgM
Autoimmune diseases:
myasthenia gravis, Graves' disease
2. Metaplasia and The patient has had GERD for 20 years. Chronic irritation induces metaplasia that
cancer risk may progress to dysplasia.
Long-term exposure to acid leads to the squamous epithelium being replaced
by columnar epithelium, which raises the chances of dysplasia and esophageal
adenocarcinoma.
3. Liquefactive Brain CT: hypodense, cavitated brain tissue
Necrosis Neural tissue undergoes autolysis and enzymatic digestion.
Brain infarcts undergo ___________ __________ due to enzymatic degradation
of soft tissue without fibrous support.
4. Tumor Suppres- BRCA1 mutation is associated with early-onset breast cancer.
sor Genes It is responsible for detecting DNA damage and initiating either repair or apopto-
sis.
BRCA1 functions as a _____________ that halts cell division and promotes repair
or apoptosis when DNA damage is detected.
5. Dysplasia vs. Pap smear: high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions.
Neoplasia (In- Dysplasia is defined as abnormal cellular architecture confined to the epithelium
traepithelial Le- with no invasion.
sions) Dysplasia is disordered but non-invasive cellular growth confined to the epithelial
layer.
6. Apoptosis The biopsy shows shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and intact membranes, all
occurring WITHOUT INFLAMMATION.
, Pathophysiology EXAM 1
The release of cytochrome C from the mitochondria starts the caspase cascade.
Mitochondrial cytochrome C release triggers ___________ via caspase activation.
7. Free Radical In- Transfusional iron overload develops cirrhosis and diabetes.
jury Unbound iron creates free radicals that catalyze lipid peroxidation.
Free iron promotes reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, damaging lipid
membranes and organelles, especially in the liver and pancreas.
8. Intracellular Ac- Biopsy: hepatocytes with clear lipid-filled vacuoles.
cumulation (he- Intracellular lipid accumulation due to impaired lipoprotein export.
patomegaly r/t Alcohol impairs lipid metabolism and packing, causing steatosis. Reversible Injury.
alcoholism)
9. Chromosomal Newborn: hypotonia, epicanthial folds, karyotype: 47 chromosomes.
Abnormality Gene dosage imbalance leading to altered protein expression and development.
(Down _____________ results in overexpression of genes, leading to characteristic fea-
Syndrome/Tri- tures of ___________.
somy 21)
10. Oncogene vs. Tu- Oncogenes promote PROLIFERATION when activated.
mor Suppressor Tumor suppressors PREVENT proliferation when functional.
gene Oncogenes promote CELL GROWTH when activated.
Tumor suppressors INHIBIT cell growth unless mutated.
11. Hyperplasia The patient has experienced an increase in cell growth.
ex: woman in early follicular phase: endo thickening
The ADAPTATION involves an increase in the number of endometrial cells due to
estrogen.
Estrogen INDUCES endometrial hyperplasia by STIMULATING MITOTIC DIVISION.
12. Genetic disease S/S: macrocephaly and cherry red macula, neuronal lipid accumulation.
(Tay-Sachs) Hexosaminidase A deficiency causes GM2 ganglioside to accumulate lysosomally.
___________ leads to toxic buildup of GM2 in neurons due to enzyme deficiency.
, Pathophysiology EXAM 1
13. Apoptotic Path- Fas ligand activates cell death caspase 8.
ways Pathway: Extrinsic apoptotic pathway involving death receptors and caspase 8.
Death receptors trigger the extrinsic apoptosis pathway.
14. Fat Necrosis Peripancreatic calcification: necrosis.
Lipase-mediated fat necrosis and saponification of adipose tissue.
Lipases released from the pancreas digest fat, leading to fatty acid/calcium de-
posits. (saponification)
15. Genetic Inher- Child's risk for inheritance.
itance: Marfan 50% (autosomal dominant)
Syndrome _________ is AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT
Each child has a 50% chance if ONE parent is affected.
16. EMT in cancer METASTASIS
progression The process involves the loss of adhesion molecules and the gain of motility.
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition is key to metastasis.
CELLS DETACH AND BECOME MOBILE
17. SIADH and HY- ex: confusion and nausea. Sodium: 118 (135-145). NO edema.
POnatremia Excess ADH secretion leading to water retention and dilutional hyponatremia.
SIADH causes excessive ADH > water reabsorption > dilution of sodium WITHOUT
true sodium loss.
18. Hyperkalemia ESRD: muscle weakness & irregular heartbeat, PEAKED T WAVE.
and ECG changes Electrolyte imbalance: _____________
Potassium > 5.0 (3.5-5.0). This imbalance can lead to life-threatening cardiac
arrhythmias, which include peaked T waves.
19. Third Spacing ex: severe burns, hypotensive, generalized edema (normal fluid intake).
The fluid enters the capillaries with__________.
A burn injury leads to increased capillary permeability, which causes fluid to shift
1. Type II hypersen- CYTOTOXIC
sitivities 1 Day onset
antibodies bind to antigens on surface of cell
IgG/IgM
Autoimmune diseases:
myasthenia gravis, Graves' disease
2. Metaplasia and The patient has had GERD for 20 years. Chronic irritation induces metaplasia that
cancer risk may progress to dysplasia.
Long-term exposure to acid leads to the squamous epithelium being replaced
by columnar epithelium, which raises the chances of dysplasia and esophageal
adenocarcinoma.
3. Liquefactive Brain CT: hypodense, cavitated brain tissue
Necrosis Neural tissue undergoes autolysis and enzymatic digestion.
Brain infarcts undergo ___________ __________ due to enzymatic degradation
of soft tissue without fibrous support.
4. Tumor Suppres- BRCA1 mutation is associated with early-onset breast cancer.
sor Genes It is responsible for detecting DNA damage and initiating either repair or apopto-
sis.
BRCA1 functions as a _____________ that halts cell division and promotes repair
or apoptosis when DNA damage is detected.
5. Dysplasia vs. Pap smear: high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions.
Neoplasia (In- Dysplasia is defined as abnormal cellular architecture confined to the epithelium
traepithelial Le- with no invasion.
sions) Dysplasia is disordered but non-invasive cellular growth confined to the epithelial
layer.
6. Apoptosis The biopsy shows shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and intact membranes, all
occurring WITHOUT INFLAMMATION.
, Pathophysiology EXAM 1
The release of cytochrome C from the mitochondria starts the caspase cascade.
Mitochondrial cytochrome C release triggers ___________ via caspase activation.
7. Free Radical In- Transfusional iron overload develops cirrhosis and diabetes.
jury Unbound iron creates free radicals that catalyze lipid peroxidation.
Free iron promotes reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, damaging lipid
membranes and organelles, especially in the liver and pancreas.
8. Intracellular Ac- Biopsy: hepatocytes with clear lipid-filled vacuoles.
cumulation (he- Intracellular lipid accumulation due to impaired lipoprotein export.
patomegaly r/t Alcohol impairs lipid metabolism and packing, causing steatosis. Reversible Injury.
alcoholism)
9. Chromosomal Newborn: hypotonia, epicanthial folds, karyotype: 47 chromosomes.
Abnormality Gene dosage imbalance leading to altered protein expression and development.
(Down _____________ results in overexpression of genes, leading to characteristic fea-
Syndrome/Tri- tures of ___________.
somy 21)
10. Oncogene vs. Tu- Oncogenes promote PROLIFERATION when activated.
mor Suppressor Tumor suppressors PREVENT proliferation when functional.
gene Oncogenes promote CELL GROWTH when activated.
Tumor suppressors INHIBIT cell growth unless mutated.
11. Hyperplasia The patient has experienced an increase in cell growth.
ex: woman in early follicular phase: endo thickening
The ADAPTATION involves an increase in the number of endometrial cells due to
estrogen.
Estrogen INDUCES endometrial hyperplasia by STIMULATING MITOTIC DIVISION.
12. Genetic disease S/S: macrocephaly and cherry red macula, neuronal lipid accumulation.
(Tay-Sachs) Hexosaminidase A deficiency causes GM2 ganglioside to accumulate lysosomally.
___________ leads to toxic buildup of GM2 in neurons due to enzyme deficiency.
, Pathophysiology EXAM 1
13. Apoptotic Path- Fas ligand activates cell death caspase 8.
ways Pathway: Extrinsic apoptotic pathway involving death receptors and caspase 8.
Death receptors trigger the extrinsic apoptosis pathway.
14. Fat Necrosis Peripancreatic calcification: necrosis.
Lipase-mediated fat necrosis and saponification of adipose tissue.
Lipases released from the pancreas digest fat, leading to fatty acid/calcium de-
posits. (saponification)
15. Genetic Inher- Child's risk for inheritance.
itance: Marfan 50% (autosomal dominant)
Syndrome _________ is AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT
Each child has a 50% chance if ONE parent is affected.
16. EMT in cancer METASTASIS
progression The process involves the loss of adhesion molecules and the gain of motility.
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition is key to metastasis.
CELLS DETACH AND BECOME MOBILE
17. SIADH and HY- ex: confusion and nausea. Sodium: 118 (135-145). NO edema.
POnatremia Excess ADH secretion leading to water retention and dilutional hyponatremia.
SIADH causes excessive ADH > water reabsorption > dilution of sodium WITHOUT
true sodium loss.
18. Hyperkalemia ESRD: muscle weakness & irregular heartbeat, PEAKED T WAVE.
and ECG changes Electrolyte imbalance: _____________
Potassium > 5.0 (3.5-5.0). This imbalance can lead to life-threatening cardiac
arrhythmias, which include peaked T waves.
19. Third Spacing ex: severe burns, hypotensive, generalized edema (normal fluid intake).
The fluid enters the capillaries with__________.
A burn injury leads to increased capillary permeability, which causes fluid to shift
