CHEM 103 DETAILED EXAM 2025 GRADED A+

Lewis structures - -represents the transfer or the sharing of electrons in chemical bonds Octet rule - -every atom wants 8 electrons in their outer shell Ionic bonding - -chemical bond formed through the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom or group of atoms to another group Ex : nabr Metals - -give Nonmetals - -take Oxidation number - -the superscript indicating the charge on an ion Ion - -atom with either positive or negative charge Binary compound - -compounds in which 2 elements are present , metal and non metal - nonmetal changes to ide Ionization energy - -energy required to remove the most loosley held electron from outer shell ; up and to the right Polyatomic molecule - -nonmetals that form one ion Covalent bond - -sharing of electrons Ex : co2 Polyatomic ions - -ag silver ion Fe 2+ ferrous ion Fe 3+ ferric ion Cu 1+ cuprous ion Cu 2+ cupric ion Binary molecule - -1st word : prefix and full name 2nd word : prefix and stem and ide Mono - -1 Chemistry Chemistry Chemistry Di - -2 Tri - -3 Tetra - -4 Penta - -5 Hexa - -6 Hepta - -7 Octa - -8 Ennea - -9 Deca - -10 Bonding electrons - -pairs of valence electrons that are shared between pairs Non bonding electrons - -lone pairs that Are not involved in electron sharing Linus pauling - -nobel prize chemist Electronegativity - -measure of atoms attraction for electrons it shares with another atom in a chemical bond Electronegativity increases - -left to right Electronegativity decreases - -top to bottom Repulsion - -gives molecule shape, describes distance b/w bonding and non bonding pairs of electrons Molecular geometry - -3 dimensional arrangement of atom within a molecule Vsepr - -valence shell electron pair repulsion theory - set of procedures for predicting a 3 dimensional geometry molecule Nh4 - -ammonium with 1 superscript Oh 1 - -hydroxide No2 - -nitrite with -1 superscript Chemistry No3 - -nitrate with -1 superscript C2h3o2 - -acetate with -1 superscript Hco3 - -bicarbonate with -1 superscript Co3 - -carbonate with -2 superscript So3 - -sulfite with -2 superscript So4 - -sulfate with -2 superscript Po4 - -phosphate with -3 superscript Cn 1 - -cyanide Molar mass - -sum of all atomic masses in a compound Moles conversion - -division ( mass ) Over ( atomic mass ) Grams conversion - -multiplication (moles) ( atomic mass ) Write balanced equation - -step 1 Write given - -step 2 Write unknown - -step 3 Find moles of given - -step 4 Determine mole ratio - -step 5 Convert moles to grams - -step 6 Limiting reagent - -reagent that is used up first , calculate moles of each reagent , least amount is limiting Stoichiometry - -mass-mass relationship quantile study of chemical reaction Bond polarity - -measure of the degree of in equality in sharing of electrons between 2 atoms in a chemical bond Chemistry Chemistry Chemistry Non polar bond - -symmetrical distribution of electron charge H2 n2 Polar bond - -a bond in which there is an unsymmetrical distribution of electron charge Hcl and co Compressibility - -measure of change in a volume due to a change in pressure Thermal expansion - -measure of change in a volume due to a change in temperature Kinetic energy - -energy that matter possesses because of the particle motion - energy in motion Potential energy - -stored energy that matter possesses as a result of its position, condition and / or composition - energy at rest Electrostatic interaction - -an attraction or repulsion that occurs between charged particles Kinetic molecular theory of matter - -explains physical behavior of the three states of matter What are the 5 parts of the kinetic molecular theory of matter? - -1. Matter is composed of tiny particles 2. Particles possess potential energy 3. Particles possess kinetic energy 4. Velocity of the particles increase as the temperature is increased 5. Particles transfer energy through collisions Solid - -definite volume and definite shape High density Small compressibility Liquid - -definite volume and indefinite shape High density Small compressibility Gas - -indefinite volume and indefinite shape Low density Large compressibilty Barometer - -device that measures atm pressure Chemistry 760 mmhg equals .... - -1.00 atm 1.00 atm equals ...... - -1 torr 14.7 psi - -1.00 atm equals .... Boyle's law - -if the temperature of a gas is constant, the pressure exerted by the gas varies inversely as the volum