Texas STR Certification Exam
Emergent Literacy - CORRECT ANSWER-The term used to explain a child's knowledge
of reading and writing skills before they learn to read and write (e.g., recognizing a stop
sign, cereal box).
Phonological Awareness - CORRECT ANSWER-the ability to hear and manipulate all
units of sound including words, syllables, onset, rimes, and phonemes in spoken
language.
Pragmatics - CORRECT ANSWER-The practical rules that guide our use of language in
social contexts
Morphology - CORRECT ANSWER-the study of the structure of words and how
meaningful units are combined in text (e.g., prefixes, suffixes, root words).
Transitional Bilingual Education - CORRECT ANSWER-A program in which two
languages are used to provide content instruction. Over time, use of the native
language is decreased and use of English is increased until only English is used for
instruction.
Sheltered Instruction - CORRECT ANSWER-An approach to teaching English language
learners that integrates language and content instruction.
BICS (Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills) - CORRECT ANSWER-Development
of fluency in conversations - social language
CALP (Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency) - CORRECT ANSWER-
Development of content and subject area language.
Comprehensible Input - CORRECT ANSWER-The part of a language that is understood
by listeners when learning a second language
Language Acquisition vs. Language Learning - CORRECT ANSWER-Acquiring
language through subconscious processes vs. learning a language through direct
instruction.
Receptive Language - CORRECT ANSWER-The ability to understand words and
language
Phonology - CORRECT ANSWER-The study of sounds, their patterns and meanings
and the way they combine to form words and language.
,Semantics - CORRECT ANSWER-The study of meaning in words, phrases, sentences,
or text
Repetition and Practice - CORRECT ANSWER-A teaching strategy that helps bring skill
knowledge from conscious to subconscious.
Oral Language Rehearsal - CORRECT ANSWER-A strategy that gives students the
opportunity to 'write aloud' before they begin a written language assignment; provides
time for them to rehearse how written forms differ from spoken forms
Language Systems - CORRECT ANSWER-Interdependent structures or systems that
support the language foundation necessary for reading
Orthographic Mapping - CORRECT ANSWER-The process of matching letters and
letter sequences with sounds in a word, and storing those words for future use;
necessary for spelling, pronouncing words correctly, and developing sight words and
vocabulary.
Frontal Lobe - CORRECT ANSWER-Area of the brain that 1) supports phonological
processing system (enables us to pronounce and
articulate words); 2) controls planning and decision making
Temporal Lobe - CORRECT ANSWER-Area of the brain that 1) supports phonological
processing (processes sound and connects
printed letters to sounds); 2) connects spoken words with meaning
Occipital Lobe - CORRECT ANSWER-Area of the brain responsible for 1) recognizing
print, punctuation, diacritical marks, or spaces in print; 2) houses the Visual Word Form
Area (VWFA) - "Brain's Letterbox".
Planum Temporale - CORRECT ANSWER-Area of the brain where phonological and
orthographic processing systems meet; connects phonemes (sounds) with graphemes
(printed letters).
Visual Word-Form Area/Brain's Letterbox - CORRECT ANSWER-A small area of the
brain that visually processes print (the curves, squiggles, and lines that are combined
into letter shapes)
Four-Part Processing Model for Word Recognition - CORRECT ANSWER-A four-part
process that explains how children recognize words
Lexicon - CORRECT ANSWER-The brain's dictionary of word meanings
Phonological Processing System - CORRECT ANSWER-Supports perception, memory,
and production of sounds in language
, Orthographic Processing System - CORRECT ANSWER-Perceives and processes print
Semantic Processing System - CORRECT ANSWER-Connects words with their
meaning
Context Processing System - CORRECT ANSWER-Interacts with and supports the
meaning processor; provides a frame of reference to interpret the meanings of words.
Grapheme - CORRECT ANSWER-A unit of writing that represents a phoneme.
Graphemes can be a single letter (such as "t") or a combination of letters (such as "ch").
Scarborough's Reading Rope - CORRECT ANSWER-A model used to explain how
fluent reading develops; states that 3 word recognition strands and 5 language
comprehension strands must be fully developed before they are woven together to
achieve accurate, fluent, and automatic word recognition.
Outcome-Based Assessment - CORRECT ANSWER-A type of summative assessment
designed to show student mastery of learning after instruction; may be standardized
(i.e. STAAR) or interim (i.e. benchmarks in Fall, Winter, Spring)
Screening Measures - CORRECT ANSWER-Assessments used to identify students at
risk of failing and to identify students who may need additional diagnostic assessment.
Progress-Monitoring Assessments - CORRECT ANSWER-A type of formative
assessment given during instruction so teachers can monitor students' understanding of
specific learning objectives and adjust instruction if necessary.
Diagnostic Assessments - CORRECT ANSWER-Assessments used to identify deficits
in specific concepts or skills.
Benchmark Assessments - CORRECT ANSWER-A type of outcome assessment used
to evaluate students against grade-level specific standards and learning goals.
Norm-Referenced Assessment - CORRECT ANSWER-Compares a student's
knowledge or skills to the knowledge or skills of the group norm (e.g., 80th percentile
score means a student has scored better than 80 percent of his same age peers on the
assessment).
Criterion-Referenced Assessment - CORRECT ANSWER-Measures a student's
knowledge or skills against a predetermined standard, learning goal, or performance
level; often use a "cut score" to assign students into basic categories such as "basic",
"proficient", and "advanced".
Reliability - CORRECT ANSWER-Describes an assessment that is likely to yield the
same or consistent results if it were to be given several times on the same day in the
same context
Emergent Literacy - CORRECT ANSWER-The term used to explain a child's knowledge
of reading and writing skills before they learn to read and write (e.g., recognizing a stop
sign, cereal box).
Phonological Awareness - CORRECT ANSWER-the ability to hear and manipulate all
units of sound including words, syllables, onset, rimes, and phonemes in spoken
language.
Pragmatics - CORRECT ANSWER-The practical rules that guide our use of language in
social contexts
Morphology - CORRECT ANSWER-the study of the structure of words and how
meaningful units are combined in text (e.g., prefixes, suffixes, root words).
Transitional Bilingual Education - CORRECT ANSWER-A program in which two
languages are used to provide content instruction. Over time, use of the native
language is decreased and use of English is increased until only English is used for
instruction.
Sheltered Instruction - CORRECT ANSWER-An approach to teaching English language
learners that integrates language and content instruction.
BICS (Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills) - CORRECT ANSWER-Development
of fluency in conversations - social language
CALP (Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency) - CORRECT ANSWER-
Development of content and subject area language.
Comprehensible Input - CORRECT ANSWER-The part of a language that is understood
by listeners when learning a second language
Language Acquisition vs. Language Learning - CORRECT ANSWER-Acquiring
language through subconscious processes vs. learning a language through direct
instruction.
Receptive Language - CORRECT ANSWER-The ability to understand words and
language
Phonology - CORRECT ANSWER-The study of sounds, their patterns and meanings
and the way they combine to form words and language.
,Semantics - CORRECT ANSWER-The study of meaning in words, phrases, sentences,
or text
Repetition and Practice - CORRECT ANSWER-A teaching strategy that helps bring skill
knowledge from conscious to subconscious.
Oral Language Rehearsal - CORRECT ANSWER-A strategy that gives students the
opportunity to 'write aloud' before they begin a written language assignment; provides
time for them to rehearse how written forms differ from spoken forms
Language Systems - CORRECT ANSWER-Interdependent structures or systems that
support the language foundation necessary for reading
Orthographic Mapping - CORRECT ANSWER-The process of matching letters and
letter sequences with sounds in a word, and storing those words for future use;
necessary for spelling, pronouncing words correctly, and developing sight words and
vocabulary.
Frontal Lobe - CORRECT ANSWER-Area of the brain that 1) supports phonological
processing system (enables us to pronounce and
articulate words); 2) controls planning and decision making
Temporal Lobe - CORRECT ANSWER-Area of the brain that 1) supports phonological
processing (processes sound and connects
printed letters to sounds); 2) connects spoken words with meaning
Occipital Lobe - CORRECT ANSWER-Area of the brain responsible for 1) recognizing
print, punctuation, diacritical marks, or spaces in print; 2) houses the Visual Word Form
Area (VWFA) - "Brain's Letterbox".
Planum Temporale - CORRECT ANSWER-Area of the brain where phonological and
orthographic processing systems meet; connects phonemes (sounds) with graphemes
(printed letters).
Visual Word-Form Area/Brain's Letterbox - CORRECT ANSWER-A small area of the
brain that visually processes print (the curves, squiggles, and lines that are combined
into letter shapes)
Four-Part Processing Model for Word Recognition - CORRECT ANSWER-A four-part
process that explains how children recognize words
Lexicon - CORRECT ANSWER-The brain's dictionary of word meanings
Phonological Processing System - CORRECT ANSWER-Supports perception, memory,
and production of sounds in language
, Orthographic Processing System - CORRECT ANSWER-Perceives and processes print
Semantic Processing System - CORRECT ANSWER-Connects words with their
meaning
Context Processing System - CORRECT ANSWER-Interacts with and supports the
meaning processor; provides a frame of reference to interpret the meanings of words.
Grapheme - CORRECT ANSWER-A unit of writing that represents a phoneme.
Graphemes can be a single letter (such as "t") or a combination of letters (such as "ch").
Scarborough's Reading Rope - CORRECT ANSWER-A model used to explain how
fluent reading develops; states that 3 word recognition strands and 5 language
comprehension strands must be fully developed before they are woven together to
achieve accurate, fluent, and automatic word recognition.
Outcome-Based Assessment - CORRECT ANSWER-A type of summative assessment
designed to show student mastery of learning after instruction; may be standardized
(i.e. STAAR) or interim (i.e. benchmarks in Fall, Winter, Spring)
Screening Measures - CORRECT ANSWER-Assessments used to identify students at
risk of failing and to identify students who may need additional diagnostic assessment.
Progress-Monitoring Assessments - CORRECT ANSWER-A type of formative
assessment given during instruction so teachers can monitor students' understanding of
specific learning objectives and adjust instruction if necessary.
Diagnostic Assessments - CORRECT ANSWER-Assessments used to identify deficits
in specific concepts or skills.
Benchmark Assessments - CORRECT ANSWER-A type of outcome assessment used
to evaluate students against grade-level specific standards and learning goals.
Norm-Referenced Assessment - CORRECT ANSWER-Compares a student's
knowledge or skills to the knowledge or skills of the group norm (e.g., 80th percentile
score means a student has scored better than 80 percent of his same age peers on the
assessment).
Criterion-Referenced Assessment - CORRECT ANSWER-Measures a student's
knowledge or skills against a predetermined standard, learning goal, or performance
level; often use a "cut score" to assign students into basic categories such as "basic",
"proficient", and "advanced".
Reliability - CORRECT ANSWER-Describes an assessment that is likely to yield the
same or consistent results if it were to be given several times on the same day in the
same context
