TEST BANK
MIS
HOSSEIN BIDGOLI
10th Edition
,ÿ012345ÿ789ÿ 11 ÿ5ÿÿ35ÿ
0 35ÿ1ÿ245ÿ
ÿ
34ÿ5678ÿ97:7;<;<=7ÿ;9>8?>@;<A8B:9A@7??<8CÿA:79>;<A8?ÿ>97ÿ>D;AE>;7FGÿ6DE>8ÿ<8=AH=7E78;ÿ<?ÿ<8@97>?<8CHIÿ97JD<97F4ÿ
>4ÿK9D7ÿ
L4ÿM>H?7ÿ
NOPQRSTÿ U*VW,ÿ
SNXYZON#RTÿ [A997@;ÿ
[AE:D;79?ÿ>97ÿEA?;ÿL787\<@<>Hÿ<8ÿ;9>8?>@;<A8Bÿ:9A@7??<8CÿA:79>;<A8?4ÿK67?7ÿA:79>;<A8?ÿ>97ÿ
97:7;<;<=7Gÿ?D@6ÿ>?ÿ:9<8;<8Cÿ8DE79AD?ÿ@67@]?GÿA9ÿ<8=AH=7ÿ78A9EAD?ÿ=AHDE7?ÿA\ÿF>;>Gÿ?D@6ÿ>?ÿ
<8=78;A9Iÿ@A8;9AHÿ<8ÿ>ÿEDH;<8>;<A8>Hÿ;7^;<H7ÿ@AE:>8I4ÿ5678ÿ;67?7ÿ?I?;7E?ÿ>97ÿ>D;AE>;7FGÿ
6DE>8ÿ<8=AH=7E78;ÿ<?ÿE<8<E>H4ÿ_77ÿ3B`aK67ÿb7C<88<8CaÿK9>8?>@;<A8Bc9A@7??<8Cÿ_I?;7E?ÿ
%ZYOXPTÿ .ÿ
dYeeYf#XgTÿ h*Wiÿ
SReRSRORPTÿ j,klm,ÿno*mW*pnlqmrsoqp,WWlm+ÿWiWn,tWÿ
ufRPXYZOÿXg%RTÿ vow,ÿxÿU*VW,ÿ
yNPÿzNSYN{#RPTÿ U*VW,ÿ
#RNSOYO|ÿZ{}RXYzRPTÿ~.,.ÿ
XZ%YPTÿ mkqot*nlqmÿWiWn,tWÿ
mkqot*nlqmÿWiWn,tWÿltsqon*mp,ÿ
RgQZSdPTÿ ,t,t,oÿ
dNXRÿSRNXRdTÿ .xx.ÿ.ÿ)~ÿ
dNXRÿZdYeYRdTÿ ..xx.ÿ.ÿ)~ÿ
ÿ
4ÿ8\A9E>;<A8ÿ?I?;7E?ÿ>97ÿL9A>F79ÿ<8ÿ?@A:7ÿ;6>8ÿ<8\A9E>;<A8ÿ;7@68AHAC<7?4ÿ
>4ÿK9D7ÿ
L4ÿM>H?7ÿ
NOPQRSTÿ vow,ÿ
SNXYZON#RTÿ [A997@;ÿ
8\A9E>;<A8ÿ?I?;7E?ÿ>97ÿL9A>F79ÿ<8ÿ?@A:7ÿ;6>8ÿ<8\A9E>;<A8ÿ;7@68AHAC<7?GÿLD;ÿ;67ÿ;Aÿ
A=79H>:ÿ<8ÿE>8Iÿ>97>?4ÿbA;6ÿ>97ÿD?7Fÿ;Aÿ67H:ÿA9C>8<>;<A8?ÿL7ÿEA97ÿ@AE:7;<;<=7ÿ>8Fÿ;Aÿ
<E:9A=7ÿ;67<9ÿA=79>HHÿ7\\<@<78@Iÿ>8Fÿ7\\7@;<=787??4ÿ_77ÿ3B3aÿ[AE:D;79?ÿ>8Fÿ8\A9E>;<A8ÿ
_I?;7E?ÿ<8ÿ><HIÿ<\7ÿ
%ZYOXPTÿ .ÿ
dYeeYf#XgTÿ ~q,o*n,ÿ
SReRSRORPTÿ jlWpwWWÿpqttqmÿ*ssVlp*nlqmWÿqkÿpqtswn,oWÿ*mÿlmkqot*nlqmÿWiWn,tWÿ
ufRPXYZOÿXg%RTÿ vow,ÿxÿU*VW,ÿ
yNPÿzNSYN{#RPTÿ U*VW,ÿ
#RNSOYO|ÿZ{}RXYzRPTÿ~.,..ÿ
XZ%YPTÿ mkqot*nlqmÿWiWn,tWÿ
mkqot*nlqmÿWiWn,tWÿltsqon*mp,ÿ
RgQZSdPTÿ m,oWn*mÿ
dNXRÿSRNXRdTÿ .xx.ÿ.ÿ)~ÿ
dNXRÿZdYeYRdTÿ .xx.ÿ.ÿ)~ÿ
ÿ
`4ÿ8ÿ>ÿE>8>C7E78;ÿ<8\A9E>;<A8ÿ?I?;7Eÿ_ÿ>::H<@>;<A8Gÿ:9A@7??7?ÿ>97ÿD?D>HHIÿE7;6AF?ÿ\A9ÿ:79\A9E<8Cÿ>ÿ;>?]4ÿ
>4ÿK9D7ÿ
ÿ
ÿ !
"
ÿ# "!!
$ÿ%& 'ÿ(ÿ
!$ÿ )*+,ÿ.ÿ
,ÿ012345ÿ789ÿ 11 ÿ5ÿÿ35ÿ
01ÿ23456ÿ
789:;<=ÿ >?@,ÿ
<7ABC87#;=ÿ DEFF6GHÿ
IJÿ3JÿKILÿ3MM4NG3HNEJOÿMFEG65565ÿ3F6ÿP5P344QÿR6HSET5ÿUEFÿM6FUEFRNJVÿ3ÿH35W1ÿL66ÿXYZ[ÿ
K3J3V6R6JHÿIJUEFR3HNEJÿLQ5H6R5ÿ
%CB8A9=ÿ \ÿ
]B^^B_#A`=ÿ abc,?*d,ÿ
<;^;<;8;9=ÿ e,fgh,ÿi*h*+,i,hdÿghfb?i*dgbhÿjkjd,ijlÿ
m_;9ABC8ÿA`%;=ÿ >?@,ÿnÿo*pj,ÿ
q79ÿr7<B7s#;9=ÿ o*pj,ÿ
#;7<8B8tÿCsu;ABr;9=ÿavwl\x,l\lyÿ
AC%B9=ÿ a*h*+,i,hdÿghfb?i*dgbhÿjkjd,ijÿ
z;`:C<]9=ÿ {,i,i|,?ÿ
]7A;ÿ<;7A;]=ÿ \xn..n.x\}ÿ\~.ÿ)aÿ
]7A;ÿC]B^B;]=ÿ \xn..n.x\}ÿ\~.ÿ)aÿ
ÿ
Z1ÿIJÿT65NVJNJVÿ3ÿR3J3V6R6JHÿNJUEFR3HNEJÿ5Q5H6RÿKILOÿHS6ÿUNF5HÿH35WÿN5ÿHEÿGE446GHÿT3H3ÿ3JTÿ3J34Q6ÿNH1ÿ
31ÿFP6ÿ
01ÿ23456ÿ
789:;<=ÿ o*pj,ÿ
<7ABC87#;=ÿ DEFF6GHÿ
IJÿT65NVJNJVÿ3JÿKILOÿHS6ÿUNF5HÿH35WÿN5ÿHEÿG463F4QÿT6UNJ6ÿHS6ÿÿE06GHN651ÿL66ÿXYZ[ÿ
K3J3V6R6JHÿIJUEFR3HNEJÿLQ5H6R5ÿ
%CB8A9=ÿ \ÿ
]B^^B_#A`=ÿ abc,?*d,ÿ
<;^;<;8;9=ÿ e,fgh,ÿi*h*+,i,hdÿghfb?i*dgbhÿjkjd,ijlÿ
m_;9ABC8ÿA`%;=ÿ >?@,ÿnÿo*pj,ÿ
q79ÿr7<B7s#;9=ÿ o*pj,ÿ
#;7<8B8tÿCsu;ABr;9=ÿavwl\x,l\lyÿ
AC%B9=ÿ a*h*+,i,hdÿghfb?i*dgbhÿjkjd,ijÿ
z;`:C<]9=ÿ {,i,i|,?ÿ
]7A;ÿ<;7A;]=ÿ \xn..n.x\}ÿ\~.ÿ)aÿ
]7A;ÿC]B^B;]=ÿ \xn..n.x\}ÿ\~.ÿ)aÿ
ÿ
1ÿJÿNJUEFR3HNEJÿ5Q5H6Rÿ5SEP4TÿGE446GHÿT3H3ÿUFERÿ0EHSÿ6H6FJ34ÿ3JTÿNJH6FJ34ÿ5EPFG65Oÿ34HSEPVSÿEFV3JN3HNEJ34ÿE06GHN65ÿ
3JTÿHS6ÿHQM6ÿEUÿ3MM4NG3HNEJÿ345EÿT6H6FRNJ6ÿS3Hÿ5EPFG65ÿHEÿP561ÿ
31ÿFP6ÿ
01ÿ23456ÿ
789:;<=ÿ >?@,ÿ
<7ABC87#;=ÿ DEFF6GHÿ
S6ÿNJUEFR3HNEJÿHS3HÿP56F5ÿJ66Tÿ3UU6GH5ÿHS6ÿHQM6ÿEUÿT3H3ÿHS3HÿN5ÿGE446GH6Tÿ3JTÿP56T1ÿJÿ
NJUEFR3HNEJÿ5Q5H6Rÿ5SEP4TÿGE446GHÿT3H3ÿUFERÿ0EHSÿ6H6FJ34ÿ3JTÿNJH6FJ34ÿ5EPFG65Oÿ34HSEPVSÿ
EFV3JN3HNEJ34ÿE06GHN65ÿ3JTÿHS6ÿHQM6ÿEUÿ3MM4NG3HNEJÿ345EÿT6H6FRNJ6ÿS3Hÿ5EPFG65ÿHEÿP561ÿ
L66ÿXY[ÿK3EFÿDERMEJ6JH5ÿEUÿ3JÿIJUEFR3HNEJÿLQ5H6Rÿ
%CB8A9=ÿ \ÿ
ÿ
ÿ !
"
ÿ# "!!
$ÿ%& 'ÿ(ÿ
!$ÿ )*+,ÿ.ÿ
, ÿ012345ÿ789ÿ 11 ÿ5ÿÿ35ÿ
012213#456ÿ 789,:*;,ÿ
<=2=<=>=?6ÿ @,AB:CD,ÿ;E,ÿF8G:ÿH*I8:ÿB8HJ8K,K;Aÿ8Fÿ*KÿCKF8:H*;C8KÿALA;,HMÿ
N3=?41O>ÿ45%=6ÿ P:G,ÿQÿR*SA,ÿ
TU?ÿVU<1UW#=?6ÿ R*SA,ÿ
#=U<>1>XÿOWY=41V=?6ÿ7Z[M\],M\M\ÿ
4O%1?6ÿ ZKF8:H*;C8KÿALA;,HÿB8HJ8K,K;Aÿ
^=5_O<0?6ÿ `K9,:A;*K9ÿ
0U4=ÿ<=U4=06ÿ \]QaaQa]\bÿ\cadÿ)7ÿ
0U4=ÿeO0121=06ÿ \]QaaQa]\bÿ\cadÿ)7ÿ
ÿ
fgÿhijklmnojpÿqlmrnksklojpÿtuvÿjirrwsnojÿtonÿnxtmrwnjÿlyÿsuknoutwÿvtktÿjlioqnjÿlyÿtuÿsuylomtksluÿjzjknmgÿ
tgÿ{oinÿ
|gÿ}twjnÿ
U>?_=<6ÿ R*SA,ÿ
<U41O>U#=6ÿ hloonqkÿ
hijklmnojpÿqlmrnksklojpÿtuvÿjirrwsnojÿtonÿnxtmrwnjÿlyÿnxknoutwÿvtktÿjlioqnjÿlyÿtuÿ
suylomtksluÿjzjknmgÿ~nnÿÿtloÿhlmrlunukjÿlyÿtuÿuylomtksluÿ~zjknmÿ
%O1>4?6ÿ \ÿ
012213#456ÿ *ALÿ
<=2=<=>=?6ÿ @CABGAAÿ;E,ÿ9CFF,:,KB,AÿD,;,,Kÿ9*;*ÿ*K9ÿCKF8:H*;C8KMÿ
N3=?41O>ÿ45%=6ÿ P:G,ÿQÿR*SA,ÿ
TU?ÿVU<1UW#=?6ÿ R*SA,ÿ
#=U<>1>XÿOWY=41V=?6ÿ7Z[M\],M\M\ÿ
4O%1?6ÿ ZKF8:H*;C8KÿALA;,HÿB8HJ8K,K;Aÿ
^=5_O<0?6ÿ `K9,:A;*K9ÿ
0U4=ÿ<=U4=06ÿ \]QaaQa]\bÿ\cadÿ)7ÿ
0U4=ÿeO0121=06ÿ \]QaaQa]\bÿ\cadÿ)7ÿ
ÿ
gÿuÿtÿmtutnmnukÿsuylomtksluÿjzjknmÿ ~pÿknÿitwskzÿlyÿsuylomtksluÿsjÿvnknomsunvÿ|zÿskjÿijnyiwunjjÿklÿijnojpÿtuvÿskjÿ
ijnyiwunjjÿvnknomsunjÿknÿjiqqnjjÿlyÿtuÿsuylomtksluÿjzjknmgÿ
tgÿ{oinÿ
|gÿ}twjnÿ
U>?_=<6ÿ P:G,ÿ
<U41O>U#=6ÿ hloonqkÿ
uÿtuÿ ~pÿknÿitwskzÿlyÿsuylomtksluÿsjÿvnknomsunvÿ|zÿskjÿijnyiwunjjÿklÿijnojpÿtuvÿskjÿ
ijnyiwunjjÿvnknomsunjÿknÿjiqqnjjÿlyÿtuÿsuylomtksluÿjzjknmgÿ~nnÿÿtloÿhlmrlunukjÿ
lyÿtuÿuylomtksluÿ~zjknmÿ
%O1>4?6ÿ \ÿ
012213#456ÿ 789,:*;,ÿ
<=2=<=>=?6ÿ @,AB:CD,ÿ;E,ÿ9CFF,:,KB,AÿD,;,,Kÿ9*;*ÿ*K9ÿCKF8:H*;C8KMÿ
N3=?41O>ÿ45%=6ÿ P:G,ÿQÿR*SA,ÿ
TU?ÿVU<1UW#=?6ÿ R*SA,ÿ
#=U<>1>XÿOWY=41V=?6ÿ7Z[M\],M\M\ÿ
4O%1?6ÿ ZKF8:H*;C8KÿALA;,HÿB8HJ8K,K;Aÿ
^=5_O<0?6ÿ `K9,:A;*K9ÿ
ÿ
ÿ !
"
ÿ# "!!
$ÿ%& 'ÿ(ÿ
!$ÿ )*+,ÿ.ÿ
MIS
HOSSEIN BIDGOLI
10th Edition
,ÿ012345ÿ789ÿ 11 ÿ5ÿÿ35ÿ
0 35ÿ1ÿ245ÿ
ÿ
34ÿ5678ÿ97:7;<;<=7ÿ;9>8?>@;<A8B:9A@7??<8CÿA:79>;<A8?ÿ>97ÿ>D;AE>;7FGÿ6DE>8ÿ<8=AH=7E78;ÿ<?ÿ<8@97>?<8CHIÿ97JD<97F4ÿ
>4ÿK9D7ÿ
L4ÿM>H?7ÿ
NOPQRSTÿ U*VW,ÿ
SNXYZON#RTÿ [A997@;ÿ
[AE:D;79?ÿ>97ÿEA?;ÿL787\<@<>Hÿ<8ÿ;9>8?>@;<A8Bÿ:9A@7??<8CÿA:79>;<A8?4ÿK67?7ÿA:79>;<A8?ÿ>97ÿ
97:7;<;<=7Gÿ?D@6ÿ>?ÿ:9<8;<8Cÿ8DE79AD?ÿ@67@]?GÿA9ÿ<8=AH=7ÿ78A9EAD?ÿ=AHDE7?ÿA\ÿF>;>Gÿ?D@6ÿ>?ÿ
<8=78;A9Iÿ@A8;9AHÿ<8ÿ>ÿEDH;<8>;<A8>Hÿ;7^;<H7ÿ@AE:>8I4ÿ5678ÿ;67?7ÿ?I?;7E?ÿ>97ÿ>D;AE>;7FGÿ
6DE>8ÿ<8=AH=7E78;ÿ<?ÿE<8<E>H4ÿ_77ÿ3B`aK67ÿb7C<88<8CaÿK9>8?>@;<A8Bc9A@7??<8Cÿ_I?;7E?ÿ
%ZYOXPTÿ .ÿ
dYeeYf#XgTÿ h*Wiÿ
SReRSRORPTÿ j,klm,ÿno*mW*pnlqmrsoqp,WWlm+ÿWiWn,tWÿ
ufRPXYZOÿXg%RTÿ vow,ÿxÿU*VW,ÿ
yNPÿzNSYN{#RPTÿ U*VW,ÿ
#RNSOYO|ÿZ{}RXYzRPTÿ~.,.ÿ
XZ%YPTÿ mkqot*nlqmÿWiWn,tWÿ
mkqot*nlqmÿWiWn,tWÿltsqon*mp,ÿ
RgQZSdPTÿ ,t,t,oÿ
dNXRÿSRNXRdTÿ .xx.ÿ.ÿ)~ÿ
dNXRÿZdYeYRdTÿ ..xx.ÿ.ÿ)~ÿ
ÿ
4ÿ8\A9E>;<A8ÿ?I?;7E?ÿ>97ÿL9A>F79ÿ<8ÿ?@A:7ÿ;6>8ÿ<8\A9E>;<A8ÿ;7@68AHAC<7?4ÿ
>4ÿK9D7ÿ
L4ÿM>H?7ÿ
NOPQRSTÿ vow,ÿ
SNXYZON#RTÿ [A997@;ÿ
8\A9E>;<A8ÿ?I?;7E?ÿ>97ÿL9A>F79ÿ<8ÿ?@A:7ÿ;6>8ÿ<8\A9E>;<A8ÿ;7@68AHAC<7?GÿLD;ÿ;67ÿ;Aÿ
A=79H>:ÿ<8ÿE>8Iÿ>97>?4ÿbA;6ÿ>97ÿD?7Fÿ;Aÿ67H:ÿA9C>8<>;<A8?ÿL7ÿEA97ÿ@AE:7;<;<=7ÿ>8Fÿ;Aÿ
<E:9A=7ÿ;67<9ÿA=79>HHÿ7\\<@<78@Iÿ>8Fÿ7\\7@;<=787??4ÿ_77ÿ3B3aÿ[AE:D;79?ÿ>8Fÿ8\A9E>;<A8ÿ
_I?;7E?ÿ<8ÿ><HIÿ<\7ÿ
%ZYOXPTÿ .ÿ
dYeeYf#XgTÿ ~q,o*n,ÿ
SReRSRORPTÿ jlWpwWWÿpqttqmÿ*ssVlp*nlqmWÿqkÿpqtswn,oWÿ*mÿlmkqot*nlqmÿWiWn,tWÿ
ufRPXYZOÿXg%RTÿ vow,ÿxÿU*VW,ÿ
yNPÿzNSYN{#RPTÿ U*VW,ÿ
#RNSOYO|ÿZ{}RXYzRPTÿ~.,..ÿ
XZ%YPTÿ mkqot*nlqmÿWiWn,tWÿ
mkqot*nlqmÿWiWn,tWÿltsqon*mp,ÿ
RgQZSdPTÿ m,oWn*mÿ
dNXRÿSRNXRdTÿ .xx.ÿ.ÿ)~ÿ
dNXRÿZdYeYRdTÿ .xx.ÿ.ÿ)~ÿ
ÿ
`4ÿ8ÿ>ÿE>8>C7E78;ÿ<8\A9E>;<A8ÿ?I?;7Eÿ_ÿ>::H<@>;<A8Gÿ:9A@7??7?ÿ>97ÿD?D>HHIÿE7;6AF?ÿ\A9ÿ:79\A9E<8Cÿ>ÿ;>?]4ÿ
>4ÿK9D7ÿ
ÿ
ÿ !
"
ÿ# "!!
$ÿ%& 'ÿ(ÿ
!$ÿ )*+,ÿ.ÿ
,ÿ012345ÿ789ÿ 11 ÿ5ÿÿ35ÿ
01ÿ23456ÿ
789:;<=ÿ >?@,ÿ
<7ABC87#;=ÿ DEFF6GHÿ
IJÿ3JÿKILÿ3MM4NG3HNEJOÿMFEG65565ÿ3F6ÿP5P344QÿR6HSET5ÿUEFÿM6FUEFRNJVÿ3ÿH35W1ÿL66ÿXYZ[ÿ
K3J3V6R6JHÿIJUEFR3HNEJÿLQ5H6R5ÿ
%CB8A9=ÿ \ÿ
]B^^B_#A`=ÿ abc,?*d,ÿ
<;^;<;8;9=ÿ e,fgh,ÿi*h*+,i,hdÿghfb?i*dgbhÿjkjd,ijlÿ
m_;9ABC8ÿA`%;=ÿ >?@,ÿnÿo*pj,ÿ
q79ÿr7<B7s#;9=ÿ o*pj,ÿ
#;7<8B8tÿCsu;ABr;9=ÿavwl\x,l\lyÿ
AC%B9=ÿ a*h*+,i,hdÿghfb?i*dgbhÿjkjd,ijÿ
z;`:C<]9=ÿ {,i,i|,?ÿ
]7A;ÿ<;7A;]=ÿ \xn..n.x\}ÿ\~.ÿ)aÿ
]7A;ÿC]B^B;]=ÿ \xn..n.x\}ÿ\~.ÿ)aÿ
ÿ
Z1ÿIJÿT65NVJNJVÿ3ÿR3J3V6R6JHÿNJUEFR3HNEJÿ5Q5H6RÿKILOÿHS6ÿUNF5HÿH35WÿN5ÿHEÿGE446GHÿT3H3ÿ3JTÿ3J34Q6ÿNH1ÿ
31ÿFP6ÿ
01ÿ23456ÿ
789:;<=ÿ o*pj,ÿ
<7ABC87#;=ÿ DEFF6GHÿ
IJÿT65NVJNJVÿ3JÿKILOÿHS6ÿUNF5HÿH35WÿN5ÿHEÿG463F4QÿT6UNJ6ÿHS6ÿÿE06GHN651ÿL66ÿXYZ[ÿ
K3J3V6R6JHÿIJUEFR3HNEJÿLQ5H6R5ÿ
%CB8A9=ÿ \ÿ
]B^^B_#A`=ÿ abc,?*d,ÿ
<;^;<;8;9=ÿ e,fgh,ÿi*h*+,i,hdÿghfb?i*dgbhÿjkjd,ijlÿ
m_;9ABC8ÿA`%;=ÿ >?@,ÿnÿo*pj,ÿ
q79ÿr7<B7s#;9=ÿ o*pj,ÿ
#;7<8B8tÿCsu;ABr;9=ÿavwl\x,l\lyÿ
AC%B9=ÿ a*h*+,i,hdÿghfb?i*dgbhÿjkjd,ijÿ
z;`:C<]9=ÿ {,i,i|,?ÿ
]7A;ÿ<;7A;]=ÿ \xn..n.x\}ÿ\~.ÿ)aÿ
]7A;ÿC]B^B;]=ÿ \xn..n.x\}ÿ\~.ÿ)aÿ
ÿ
1ÿJÿNJUEFR3HNEJÿ5Q5H6Rÿ5SEP4TÿGE446GHÿT3H3ÿUFERÿ0EHSÿ6H6FJ34ÿ3JTÿNJH6FJ34ÿ5EPFG65Oÿ34HSEPVSÿEFV3JN3HNEJ34ÿE06GHN65ÿ
3JTÿHS6ÿHQM6ÿEUÿ3MM4NG3HNEJÿ345EÿT6H6FRNJ6ÿS3Hÿ5EPFG65ÿHEÿP561ÿ
31ÿFP6ÿ
01ÿ23456ÿ
789:;<=ÿ >?@,ÿ
<7ABC87#;=ÿ DEFF6GHÿ
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