FNDH 620 STUDY EXAMS 2025/2026 QUESTION AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Define amphiphilic - ✔✔Attract both water and fat soluble substances
✔✔Cholesterol synthesis
Building blocks (Carbon source)?
Rate limiting enzyme? - ✔✔Virtually all nucleated cells have the ability to synthesize
cholesterol - ER & Cystosol
Carbon Source: Acetyl CoA
Rate limiting: HMG-CoA reductase
✔✔How do statin drugs affect cholesterol synthesis? - ✔✔- HMG is converted to
mevalonate
- Statins target this inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase
- Stops cholesterol synthesis
✔✔Most prevalent fatty acids in the western diet - ✔✔Saturated Fatty Acids: Palmitic
(16:0), Stearic (18:0)
Unsaturated: Oleic acid (18:1), Linoleic acid (18:2)
Most FAs = 14-26C
Palmitic, Stearic, Oleic, & Linoleic ~ 90% of SAD
✔✔Lipids in food - ✔✔Fats & Oils
- Common oils: sunflower, safflower, corn, oleic, coconut, and palm
- Common fats: butter, lard, and tallow
- Cholesterol: animal
- Simple triglycerides: all 3 fatty acids are the same
- Mixed triglycerides: fatty acids vary
✔✔Natural sources of trans fatty acids - ✔✔Dairy (butter) and animal products (lard,
tallow, beef, & lamb)
✔✔Dietary need for cholesterol - ✔✔None - Your liver makes all the cholesterol you
need.
✔✔Recommendations for linolenic acid and linoleic acid (per day) - ✔✔Linolenic: 800 -
1100mg/day
, Linoleic: 12-17g/day
- needed for eicosanoids
✔✔Fat AMDR - ✔✔20 - 35% of daily calories
✔✔Health concerns associated with essential fatty acid deficiency - ✔✔- Poor dermal
integrity
- Decreased epidermal water barrier
- Increase in cell numbers (hyperproliferation)
- Other harmful conditions
✔✔3 phases of lipid digestion - ✔✔1 - Intraluminal
2 - Mucosal
3 - Secretory
✔✔Intraluminal phase - ✔✔- Prereq: emulsification of lipids by bile salts
- Lumen of upper jejunum (most active site of digestion)
- Aided by emulsification by bile
-Stomach forms chyme, mixes with pancreatic secretions, micelles form
✔✔Mucosal phase - ✔✔-Within SI mucosal cells micelles diffuse to surface
-Free FA and monoglycerides absorbed by passive diffusion
-Longer chain fatty acids and monoglycerides are resynthesized into triglycerides and
exit via the lymph system (chylomicrons)
-Short and medium chain FA exit through capillary
✔✔Secretory phase - ✔✔Chylomicrons dischared through lacteal
Short chain fatty acids go through portal vein
✔✔What is CCK's role in fat digestion - ✔✔Controls release of pancreatic lipases
✔✔What is the basic function of lipase? - ✔✔Break down fats into smaller molecules
(fatty acids and glycerol)
- cleaves at 1' & 3' position
✔✔What is the basic function of phospholipase? - ✔✔A pancreatic enzyme that
hydrolyzes FAs from phospholipids
✔✔Cholesterol Ester - ✔✔a sterol ester made of a cholesterol molecule bonded to a
fatty acid via an ester linkage
✔✔What is the significance of colipase? - ✔✔Coenzyme that promotes the formation of
a lipase-colipase bile salt complex that allows for hydrolysis.
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Define amphiphilic - ✔✔Attract both water and fat soluble substances
✔✔Cholesterol synthesis
Building blocks (Carbon source)?
Rate limiting enzyme? - ✔✔Virtually all nucleated cells have the ability to synthesize
cholesterol - ER & Cystosol
Carbon Source: Acetyl CoA
Rate limiting: HMG-CoA reductase
✔✔How do statin drugs affect cholesterol synthesis? - ✔✔- HMG is converted to
mevalonate
- Statins target this inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase
- Stops cholesterol synthesis
✔✔Most prevalent fatty acids in the western diet - ✔✔Saturated Fatty Acids: Palmitic
(16:0), Stearic (18:0)
Unsaturated: Oleic acid (18:1), Linoleic acid (18:2)
Most FAs = 14-26C
Palmitic, Stearic, Oleic, & Linoleic ~ 90% of SAD
✔✔Lipids in food - ✔✔Fats & Oils
- Common oils: sunflower, safflower, corn, oleic, coconut, and palm
- Common fats: butter, lard, and tallow
- Cholesterol: animal
- Simple triglycerides: all 3 fatty acids are the same
- Mixed triglycerides: fatty acids vary
✔✔Natural sources of trans fatty acids - ✔✔Dairy (butter) and animal products (lard,
tallow, beef, & lamb)
✔✔Dietary need for cholesterol - ✔✔None - Your liver makes all the cholesterol you
need.
✔✔Recommendations for linolenic acid and linoleic acid (per day) - ✔✔Linolenic: 800 -
1100mg/day
, Linoleic: 12-17g/day
- needed for eicosanoids
✔✔Fat AMDR - ✔✔20 - 35% of daily calories
✔✔Health concerns associated with essential fatty acid deficiency - ✔✔- Poor dermal
integrity
- Decreased epidermal water barrier
- Increase in cell numbers (hyperproliferation)
- Other harmful conditions
✔✔3 phases of lipid digestion - ✔✔1 - Intraluminal
2 - Mucosal
3 - Secretory
✔✔Intraluminal phase - ✔✔- Prereq: emulsification of lipids by bile salts
- Lumen of upper jejunum (most active site of digestion)
- Aided by emulsification by bile
-Stomach forms chyme, mixes with pancreatic secretions, micelles form
✔✔Mucosal phase - ✔✔-Within SI mucosal cells micelles diffuse to surface
-Free FA and monoglycerides absorbed by passive diffusion
-Longer chain fatty acids and monoglycerides are resynthesized into triglycerides and
exit via the lymph system (chylomicrons)
-Short and medium chain FA exit through capillary
✔✔Secretory phase - ✔✔Chylomicrons dischared through lacteal
Short chain fatty acids go through portal vein
✔✔What is CCK's role in fat digestion - ✔✔Controls release of pancreatic lipases
✔✔What is the basic function of lipase? - ✔✔Break down fats into smaller molecules
(fatty acids and glycerol)
- cleaves at 1' & 3' position
✔✔What is the basic function of phospholipase? - ✔✔A pancreatic enzyme that
hydrolyzes FAs from phospholipids
✔✔Cholesterol Ester - ✔✔a sterol ester made of a cholesterol molecule bonded to a
fatty acid via an ester linkage
✔✔What is the significance of colipase? - ✔✔Coenzyme that promotes the formation of
a lipase-colipase bile salt complex that allows for hydrolysis.
