FNDH 620 EXAMINATION TEST 2025/2026 QUESTION AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔What molecule transports most dietary lipid in the lymph system? - ✔✔Chylomicrons
✔✔Primary cellular site of fatty acid oxidation - ✔✔Oxidation occurs in the mitochondria
and peroxisomes
✔✔Describe the Carnitine transport system and what it transports - ✔✔Carnitine
transports acyl CoA
✔✔β- oxidation of fatty acids - what happens per turn of the cycle, products, etc. - ✔✔•
4 Steps
• Loss of hydrogens, addition of water, loss of another hydrogen, addition of CoA
• Products of each turn in β-oxidation:
• FADH2, NADH, and acetyl CoA.
✔✔Lipoproteins - ✔✔clusters of lipids associated with proteins that serve as transport
vehicles for lipids in the lymph and blood
✔✔How are lipoproteins classified? - ✔✔by their density
✔✔Describe the major function of each lipoprotein - ✔✔- Chylomicrons: absorption of
dietary triglycerides and cholesterol and transport in blood
- VLDLs: transport of endogenously produced triglycerides and cholesterol and those
derived from chylomicrons
- LDLs: delivery of cholesterol to cells via LDL receptors
- HDLs most dense: reverse cholesterol transport back to liver
✔✔Describe how each lipoprotein is metabolized - ✔✔VLDL
• Also acted upon by lipoprotein lipase
• The removal of triglycerides increases the density of the molecule
LDL
• 70% removed from circulation by the liver; 30% all other tissues
• Buildup of cholesterol in the cell inhibits HMG CoA reductase
• Also decreases the synthesis of LDL receptors
HDL
• Acted upon by lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)
• LCAT works with HDL to esterify and absorb cholesterol
• LCAT works on free cholesterol, cholesterol from other lipoproteins and from
extrahepatic tissues.
• HDL then transports this cholesterol to the liver
• Reverse Cholesterol Transport
, ✔✔Function of lipoprotein lipase - ✔✔degradation of TRGs circulating in chylomicrons
and VLDLs
✔✔Ketone bodies are primarily formed as a result of what? - ✔✔Ketone bodies are
produced mainly in the mitochondria of liver cells, and synthesis can occur in response
to an unavailability of blood glucose, such as during fasting.
✔✔Eicosanoids - ✔✔regulatory molecules that can be synthesized from omega-3 and
omega-6 fatty acids
✔✔What are the 9 essential amino acids? - ✔✔1. Histidine
2. Isoleucine
3. Leucine
4. Lysine
5. Methionine
6. Phenylalanine
7. Threonine
8. Tryptophan
9. Valine
✔✔Describe how protein synthesis works - ✔✔Protein synthesis is accomplished
through a process called translation. After DNA is transcribed into a mRNA molecule
during transcription, the mRNA must be translated to produce a protein. In translation,
mRNA, tRNA and ribosomes work together to produce proteins
✔✔Describe the effect of a limiting amino acid on protein synthesis - ✔✔one of the
essential amino acids present in a food in an amount insufficient to support growth or
maintenance
✔✔Describe the steps in protein digestion - ✔✔Stomach
-denatures the proteins
small intestine
-trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases A & B are secreted from the pancreas into
the small intestine
-intestinal cells secrete enterokinase which activates trypsin
net products of protein digestion (luminal digestion)
-short oligopeptide fragments
-dipeptides
-amino acids
✔✔Function of HCl in protein digestion - ✔✔Denatures proteins and Activates pepsin
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔What molecule transports most dietary lipid in the lymph system? - ✔✔Chylomicrons
✔✔Primary cellular site of fatty acid oxidation - ✔✔Oxidation occurs in the mitochondria
and peroxisomes
✔✔Describe the Carnitine transport system and what it transports - ✔✔Carnitine
transports acyl CoA
✔✔β- oxidation of fatty acids - what happens per turn of the cycle, products, etc. - ✔✔•
4 Steps
• Loss of hydrogens, addition of water, loss of another hydrogen, addition of CoA
• Products of each turn in β-oxidation:
• FADH2, NADH, and acetyl CoA.
✔✔Lipoproteins - ✔✔clusters of lipids associated with proteins that serve as transport
vehicles for lipids in the lymph and blood
✔✔How are lipoproteins classified? - ✔✔by their density
✔✔Describe the major function of each lipoprotein - ✔✔- Chylomicrons: absorption of
dietary triglycerides and cholesterol and transport in blood
- VLDLs: transport of endogenously produced triglycerides and cholesterol and those
derived from chylomicrons
- LDLs: delivery of cholesterol to cells via LDL receptors
- HDLs most dense: reverse cholesterol transport back to liver
✔✔Describe how each lipoprotein is metabolized - ✔✔VLDL
• Also acted upon by lipoprotein lipase
• The removal of triglycerides increases the density of the molecule
LDL
• 70% removed from circulation by the liver; 30% all other tissues
• Buildup of cholesterol in the cell inhibits HMG CoA reductase
• Also decreases the synthesis of LDL receptors
HDL
• Acted upon by lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)
• LCAT works with HDL to esterify and absorb cholesterol
• LCAT works on free cholesterol, cholesterol from other lipoproteins and from
extrahepatic tissues.
• HDL then transports this cholesterol to the liver
• Reverse Cholesterol Transport
, ✔✔Function of lipoprotein lipase - ✔✔degradation of TRGs circulating in chylomicrons
and VLDLs
✔✔Ketone bodies are primarily formed as a result of what? - ✔✔Ketone bodies are
produced mainly in the mitochondria of liver cells, and synthesis can occur in response
to an unavailability of blood glucose, such as during fasting.
✔✔Eicosanoids - ✔✔regulatory molecules that can be synthesized from omega-3 and
omega-6 fatty acids
✔✔What are the 9 essential amino acids? - ✔✔1. Histidine
2. Isoleucine
3. Leucine
4. Lysine
5. Methionine
6. Phenylalanine
7. Threonine
8. Tryptophan
9. Valine
✔✔Describe how protein synthesis works - ✔✔Protein synthesis is accomplished
through a process called translation. After DNA is transcribed into a mRNA molecule
during transcription, the mRNA must be translated to produce a protein. In translation,
mRNA, tRNA and ribosomes work together to produce proteins
✔✔Describe the effect of a limiting amino acid on protein synthesis - ✔✔one of the
essential amino acids present in a food in an amount insufficient to support growth or
maintenance
✔✔Describe the steps in protein digestion - ✔✔Stomach
-denatures the proteins
small intestine
-trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases A & B are secreted from the pancreas into
the small intestine
-intestinal cells secrete enterokinase which activates trypsin
net products of protein digestion (luminal digestion)
-short oligopeptide fragments
-dipeptides
-amino acids
✔✔Function of HCl in protein digestion - ✔✔Denatures proteins and Activates pepsin
