FNDH 620 COMPREHENSIVE EXAMS 2025/2026 QUESTION
AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Vitamin C Deficiency - ✔✔1. Scurvy
2. Symptoms: abnormal bone growth, joint pain, bleeding gums, edema, tiny
hemorrhages beneath skin
✔✔Vitamin C UL - ✔✔1. 2000 mg/day
2. Causes rebound scurvy, inaccurate blood glucose test, intestinal bleeding
✔✔Thiamin AKA - ✔✔Vitamin B1
✔✔Thiamin Function - ✔✔1. Metabolism and release of energy from carbohydrates
✔✔Thiamin Source - ✔✔1. Pork, whole trains, enriched cereals, liver, poultry, fish,
eggs, potatoes, legumes, nuts, dark green vegetables, brewer's yeast, wheat germ
✔✔Thiamin Absorption - ✔✔1. Inactivated by potassium, phosphate, copper, iron salts
2. Occurs in jejunum, duodenum, ileulm
3. Alcohol reduces absorption
✔✔Thiamin Transport - ✔✔via active, sodium-dependent mechanism
✔✔Thiamin Deficiency & Symptoms - ✔✔1. Beriberi
2. Symptoms: Cardiac enlargement, mental confusion, muscular problems, cardiac
disorders, CNS problems, anorexia, fluid imbalance
✔✔Riboflavin AKA - ✔✔Vitamin B2
✔✔Riboflavin Function - ✔✔1. Important in energy metabolism
2. Facilitation of the release of energy from carbs, protein, fat
✔✔Riboflavin Source - ✔✔1. Milk/dairy; Leafy green vegetables, meat
✔✔Riboflavin Absorption - ✔✔1. Released in upper part of small intestine or absorbed
by saturable sodium-dependent transport system
2. Bile salts facilitate uptake
✔✔Riboflavin Transport - ✔✔bound to albumin
✔✔Riboflavin Storage - ✔✔heart, liver, kidneys
✔✔Riboflavin Deficiency / Symptoms - ✔✔1. Symptom: suppressed energy release
2. Symptoms: first seen in nervous system due to dependence on CHO;
, 3. Photophobia - light sensitivity
4. Cheilosis and Glossitis
✔✔Niacin Function - ✔✔Involved with numerous enzyme reactions
✔✔Niacin source - ✔✔Liver, fish, pork, beef, mushrooms, potatoes
✔✔Niacin deficiency & symptoms - ✔✔Pellagra - black tongue
4 Ds: Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death
✔✔Niacin absorption - ✔✔ost absorption in small intestine
2. Absorbed by sodium-dependent and saturable, facilitated diffusion mechanism
✔✔Vitamin B6 Forms/AKAs - ✔✔1. Pyridoxamine
2. Pyridoxal
3. Pyridoxine
4. Pyridoxol
✔✔Vitamin B6 Function - ✔✔Converting one type of amino acid to another
✔✔Vitamin B6 Source - ✔✔Plant foods, animal products
✔✔Vitamin B6 Absorption - ✔✔1. Absorption via diffusion in jejunum
✔✔Vitamin B6 Transport - ✔✔within cells or bound to albumin
✔✔Vitamin B6 Deficiency & Symptoms - ✔✔1. Rare, but may be caused by mediations
or alcohol
2. Symptoms: CNS effects, convulsions, depressed symptoms, peripheral neuritis, poor
growth, decreased antibody formation
✔✔Folate AKA - ✔✔Folic Acid
✔✔Folate Function - ✔✔One-carbon transfer reactions
✔✔Folate Source - ✔✔1. Vegetables, legumes, nuts, fruits, organ meats, whole grains
✔✔Folate Absorption - ✔✔1. Absorbed by sodium-dependent, saturable, carrier-
mediated mechanism
2. Alcohol & some drugs decrease folate absorption
✔✔Folate Deficiency & Symptoms - ✔✔1. Megaloblastic, macrocytic anemia
2. Symptoms: few large & immature red blood cells; leukopenia, deterioration in rapid
cell division
AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Vitamin C Deficiency - ✔✔1. Scurvy
2. Symptoms: abnormal bone growth, joint pain, bleeding gums, edema, tiny
hemorrhages beneath skin
✔✔Vitamin C UL - ✔✔1. 2000 mg/day
2. Causes rebound scurvy, inaccurate blood glucose test, intestinal bleeding
✔✔Thiamin AKA - ✔✔Vitamin B1
✔✔Thiamin Function - ✔✔1. Metabolism and release of energy from carbohydrates
✔✔Thiamin Source - ✔✔1. Pork, whole trains, enriched cereals, liver, poultry, fish,
eggs, potatoes, legumes, nuts, dark green vegetables, brewer's yeast, wheat germ
✔✔Thiamin Absorption - ✔✔1. Inactivated by potassium, phosphate, copper, iron salts
2. Occurs in jejunum, duodenum, ileulm
3. Alcohol reduces absorption
✔✔Thiamin Transport - ✔✔via active, sodium-dependent mechanism
✔✔Thiamin Deficiency & Symptoms - ✔✔1. Beriberi
2. Symptoms: Cardiac enlargement, mental confusion, muscular problems, cardiac
disorders, CNS problems, anorexia, fluid imbalance
✔✔Riboflavin AKA - ✔✔Vitamin B2
✔✔Riboflavin Function - ✔✔1. Important in energy metabolism
2. Facilitation of the release of energy from carbs, protein, fat
✔✔Riboflavin Source - ✔✔1. Milk/dairy; Leafy green vegetables, meat
✔✔Riboflavin Absorption - ✔✔1. Released in upper part of small intestine or absorbed
by saturable sodium-dependent transport system
2. Bile salts facilitate uptake
✔✔Riboflavin Transport - ✔✔bound to albumin
✔✔Riboflavin Storage - ✔✔heart, liver, kidneys
✔✔Riboflavin Deficiency / Symptoms - ✔✔1. Symptom: suppressed energy release
2. Symptoms: first seen in nervous system due to dependence on CHO;
, 3. Photophobia - light sensitivity
4. Cheilosis and Glossitis
✔✔Niacin Function - ✔✔Involved with numerous enzyme reactions
✔✔Niacin source - ✔✔Liver, fish, pork, beef, mushrooms, potatoes
✔✔Niacin deficiency & symptoms - ✔✔Pellagra - black tongue
4 Ds: Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death
✔✔Niacin absorption - ✔✔ost absorption in small intestine
2. Absorbed by sodium-dependent and saturable, facilitated diffusion mechanism
✔✔Vitamin B6 Forms/AKAs - ✔✔1. Pyridoxamine
2. Pyridoxal
3. Pyridoxine
4. Pyridoxol
✔✔Vitamin B6 Function - ✔✔Converting one type of amino acid to another
✔✔Vitamin B6 Source - ✔✔Plant foods, animal products
✔✔Vitamin B6 Absorption - ✔✔1. Absorption via diffusion in jejunum
✔✔Vitamin B6 Transport - ✔✔within cells or bound to albumin
✔✔Vitamin B6 Deficiency & Symptoms - ✔✔1. Rare, but may be caused by mediations
or alcohol
2. Symptoms: CNS effects, convulsions, depressed symptoms, peripheral neuritis, poor
growth, decreased antibody formation
✔✔Folate AKA - ✔✔Folic Acid
✔✔Folate Function - ✔✔One-carbon transfer reactions
✔✔Folate Source - ✔✔1. Vegetables, legumes, nuts, fruits, organ meats, whole grains
✔✔Folate Absorption - ✔✔1. Absorbed by sodium-dependent, saturable, carrier-
mediated mechanism
2. Alcohol & some drugs decrease folate absorption
✔✔Folate Deficiency & Symptoms - ✔✔1. Megaloblastic, macrocytic anemia
2. Symptoms: few large & immature red blood cells; leukopenia, deterioration in rapid
cell division
