Developmental Exam 2 questions and
answers
Describe the typical changes in physical growth that take place in toddlerhood - answer-
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
Toddlers' physical growth continues at a pace that is slightly reduced from infancy but is
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
nevertheless faster than at any later time of life.
v v v v v v v v v
Explain the harmful effects of nutritional deficiencies on growth - answer-Toddlers in
v v v v v v v v v v v
developing countries often suffer protein and micronutrient deficiencies that impede their
v v v v v v v v v v v
physical and cognitive development.
v v v v
Describe the changes in brain development that take place during toddlerhood - answer-
v v v v v v v v v v v v
The brain's synaptic density peaks at the end of toddlerhood, followed by many years of
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
synaptic pruning.
v v
Identify the two most common methods of measuring brain activity - answer-EEG and
v v v v v v v v v v v v
vfMRI
Describe the advances in motor development that take place during toddlerhood -
v v v v v v v v v v v
answer-In their gross motor development, toddlers learn to walk, run, climb, and kick a
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
ball. Toddlers in traditional cultures are often restricted in their movements to protect
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
them from danger- especially cooking fires. Advances in fine motor development
v v v v v v v v v v v
including holding a cup and building a tower of blocks. in their third year toddlers may be
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
able to brush their teeth, with some assistance.
v v v v v v v v
Compare and contrast the process and timing of toilet training in developed countries
v v v v v v v v v v v v
and traditional cultures - answer-Children vary widely in the timing of learning toilet
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
training, but most are toilet trained by the end of toddlerhood. In traditional cultures,
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
toddlers usually learn through observing and imitating older children.
v v v v v v v v v
Distinguish the weaning process early in infancy from weaning later in toddlerhood -
v v v v v v v v v v v v
answer-When weaning takes place in the second or third year of life, toddlers often
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
resist. Customs in traditional cultures for promoting weaning include sending the toddler
v v v v v v v v v v v v
to a relatives household for a while or coating the mother's breast with an unpleasant
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
substance.
v
Outline the cognitive achievements of toddlerhood in Piaget's theory - answer-According
v v v v v v v v v v
to Piaget, the ability for mental representations develops in the second half of the
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
second year and is the basis for important aspects of later cognitive functioning,
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
, including problem solving and language. Object permanence also reaches near-
v v v v v v v v v v
completion during this period. Deferred imitation and categorization also require mental
v v v v v v v v v v
representation.
v
Explain Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of cognitive development and contrast it with
v v v v v v v v v v
Piaget's theory - answer-Unlike Piaget and most other cognitive theorists and
v v v v v v v v v v v
researchers, Vygotsky emphasized the cultural basis of cognitive development in
v v v v v v v v v v
childhood. He proposed concepts such as scaffolding and the zone of proximal
v v v v v v v v v v v v
development to describe how children obtain cultural knowledge from adults.
v v v v v v v v v v
Summarize the evidence for the biological and evolutionary bases of language - answer-
v v v v v v v v v v v v
In humans the larynx is lower in the throat than it is in other primates, making spoken
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
vlanguage possible. Humans also have areas in the brain specifically devoted to
v v v v v v v v v v v
vlanguage functions. Anatomically the capacity for language appears to have first
v v v v v v v v v v
vdeveloped in early hominids 2 million years ago. v v v v v v v
Describe the milestones in language development that take place during the toddler
v v v v v v v v v v v
years - answer-At 18 months, most toddlers speak about 50 words, usually in
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
holophrases. By 24 months, most speak about 200 words and combine some words in
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
telegraphic speech. By their third birthdays, most can easily use the language of their
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
culture in full sentences.
v v v v
Identify how parents' stimulation of toddlers' language varies across cultures and
v v v v v v v v v v
vevaluate how these variations relate to language development - answer-Cultures vary
v v v v v v v v v v
vwidely in how much they encourage toddlers' language development, from stimulating
v v v v v v v v v v
vlanguage use through direct interactions, to allowing toddlers to be present among
v v v v v v v v v v v
vconversing adults but otherwise not speaking to them much, to actually discouraging
v v v v v v v v v v v
vthem from talking. Regardless of cultural practices, toddlers generally learn to use their
v v v v v v v v v v v v
vlanguage well by the time they reach age 3.
v v v v v v v v
Describe how emotional development advances during toddlerhood and identify the
v v v v v v v v v
impact of culture on these changes - answer-Sociomoral emotions developing in
v v v v v v v v v v v
toddlerhood include guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, and pride. They are called
v v v v v v v v v v v
sociomoral emotions because they indicate that toddlers have begun to learn the moral
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
standards of their culture. Toddlers in Western cultures have occasional tantrums,
v v v v v v v v v v v
perhaps because they have a more developed sense of intentionality than infants do
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
and so are more likely to protest when thwarted. However, tantrums are rare outside the
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
West where cultures place less emphasis on self expression.
v v v v v v v v v
Describe the changes in self-development that take place during toddlerhood - answer-
v v v v v v v v v v v
The birth of the self in toddlerhood is indicated in the development of self recognition and
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
self reflection. Toddlers begin to use personal pronouns such as "I" and "me" and to
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
refer to themselves by name.
v v v v v
Distinguish between sex and gender and summarize the evidence for the biological
v v v v v v v v v v v
basis of gender development - answer-Sex is the biological status of being male or
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
answers
Describe the typical changes in physical growth that take place in toddlerhood - answer-
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
Toddlers' physical growth continues at a pace that is slightly reduced from infancy but is
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
nevertheless faster than at any later time of life.
v v v v v v v v v
Explain the harmful effects of nutritional deficiencies on growth - answer-Toddlers in
v v v v v v v v v v v
developing countries often suffer protein and micronutrient deficiencies that impede their
v v v v v v v v v v v
physical and cognitive development.
v v v v
Describe the changes in brain development that take place during toddlerhood - answer-
v v v v v v v v v v v v
The brain's synaptic density peaks at the end of toddlerhood, followed by many years of
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
synaptic pruning.
v v
Identify the two most common methods of measuring brain activity - answer-EEG and
v v v v v v v v v v v v
vfMRI
Describe the advances in motor development that take place during toddlerhood -
v v v v v v v v v v v
answer-In their gross motor development, toddlers learn to walk, run, climb, and kick a
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
ball. Toddlers in traditional cultures are often restricted in their movements to protect
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
them from danger- especially cooking fires. Advances in fine motor development
v v v v v v v v v v v
including holding a cup and building a tower of blocks. in their third year toddlers may be
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
able to brush their teeth, with some assistance.
v v v v v v v v
Compare and contrast the process and timing of toilet training in developed countries
v v v v v v v v v v v v
and traditional cultures - answer-Children vary widely in the timing of learning toilet
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
training, but most are toilet trained by the end of toddlerhood. In traditional cultures,
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
toddlers usually learn through observing and imitating older children.
v v v v v v v v v
Distinguish the weaning process early in infancy from weaning later in toddlerhood -
v v v v v v v v v v v v
answer-When weaning takes place in the second or third year of life, toddlers often
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
resist. Customs in traditional cultures for promoting weaning include sending the toddler
v v v v v v v v v v v v
to a relatives household for a while or coating the mother's breast with an unpleasant
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
substance.
v
Outline the cognitive achievements of toddlerhood in Piaget's theory - answer-According
v v v v v v v v v v
to Piaget, the ability for mental representations develops in the second half of the
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
second year and is the basis for important aspects of later cognitive functioning,
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
, including problem solving and language. Object permanence also reaches near-
v v v v v v v v v v
completion during this period. Deferred imitation and categorization also require mental
v v v v v v v v v v
representation.
v
Explain Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of cognitive development and contrast it with
v v v v v v v v v v
Piaget's theory - answer-Unlike Piaget and most other cognitive theorists and
v v v v v v v v v v v
researchers, Vygotsky emphasized the cultural basis of cognitive development in
v v v v v v v v v v
childhood. He proposed concepts such as scaffolding and the zone of proximal
v v v v v v v v v v v v
development to describe how children obtain cultural knowledge from adults.
v v v v v v v v v v
Summarize the evidence for the biological and evolutionary bases of language - answer-
v v v v v v v v v v v v
In humans the larynx is lower in the throat than it is in other primates, making spoken
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
vlanguage possible. Humans also have areas in the brain specifically devoted to
v v v v v v v v v v v
vlanguage functions. Anatomically the capacity for language appears to have first
v v v v v v v v v v
vdeveloped in early hominids 2 million years ago. v v v v v v v
Describe the milestones in language development that take place during the toddler
v v v v v v v v v v v
years - answer-At 18 months, most toddlers speak about 50 words, usually in
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
holophrases. By 24 months, most speak about 200 words and combine some words in
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
telegraphic speech. By their third birthdays, most can easily use the language of their
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
culture in full sentences.
v v v v
Identify how parents' stimulation of toddlers' language varies across cultures and
v v v v v v v v v v
vevaluate how these variations relate to language development - answer-Cultures vary
v v v v v v v v v v
vwidely in how much they encourage toddlers' language development, from stimulating
v v v v v v v v v v
vlanguage use through direct interactions, to allowing toddlers to be present among
v v v v v v v v v v v
vconversing adults but otherwise not speaking to them much, to actually discouraging
v v v v v v v v v v v
vthem from talking. Regardless of cultural practices, toddlers generally learn to use their
v v v v v v v v v v v v
vlanguage well by the time they reach age 3.
v v v v v v v v
Describe how emotional development advances during toddlerhood and identify the
v v v v v v v v v
impact of culture on these changes - answer-Sociomoral emotions developing in
v v v v v v v v v v v
toddlerhood include guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, and pride. They are called
v v v v v v v v v v v
sociomoral emotions because they indicate that toddlers have begun to learn the moral
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
standards of their culture. Toddlers in Western cultures have occasional tantrums,
v v v v v v v v v v v
perhaps because they have a more developed sense of intentionality than infants do
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
and so are more likely to protest when thwarted. However, tantrums are rare outside the
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
West where cultures place less emphasis on self expression.
v v v v v v v v v
Describe the changes in self-development that take place during toddlerhood - answer-
v v v v v v v v v v v
The birth of the self in toddlerhood is indicated in the development of self recognition and
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
self reflection. Toddlers begin to use personal pronouns such as "I" and "me" and to
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
refer to themselves by name.
v v v v v
Distinguish between sex and gender and summarize the evidence for the biological
v v v v v v v v v v v
basis of gender development - answer-Sex is the biological status of being male or
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
