PSIO 305 Exam 3 Questions With Correct
Answers
Definition |of |a |stressor |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-A |physical |(external), |chemical |(internal), |or |
psychological |(mental) |factor |resulting |in |tension |of |the |body |or |mind
Real |or |perceived |threat |to |homeostasis
Definition |of |allostasis |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Process |by |which |the |body |responds |to |
stressors |in |order |to |maintain |or |regain |homeostasis
Order |of |events |and |time |frame |for |the |stress |responses |of |the |body |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
1. |Sympathetic |activation |within |2-3 |seconds
2. |Activation |of |adrenal |medulla |in |20-30 |seconds
3. |HPA |axis |activation |in |minutes, |hours, |or |days
4. |Cortisol |negative |feedback |to |suppress |stress |response
Properties |of |sympathetic |activation |due |to |stress |response |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--HR |
increases, |vasoconstriction |and |Na/water |retention |lead |to |higher |BP
-glycogenolysis, |gluconeogenesis |and |lipolysis |increases |nutrient |availability
-Bronchodilation
,-pupil |dilation
-reduced |digestion |and |bladder |relaxation |direct |resources |and |attention |to |stressor
-increased |blood |flow |to |skeletal |muscle
Properties |of |adrenal |medulla |activation |due |to |stress |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--Releases |
epinephrine
-sympathetic |activity |weans |quickly, |epinephrine |is |longer |lasting
Properties |of |HPA |(hypothalamus, |pituitary, |adrenal |gland) |axis |activation |due |to |stress |- |
CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--Glucocorticoids: |break |down |proteins, |fatty |acids, |glycogen, |
gluconeogenesis, |vasoconstriction, |immunosuppression
-Minerolocorticoids: |Na/water |retention |leads |to |increased |blood |volume/pressure
Area |of |affect |for |cortisol |negative |feedback |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Cortisol |acts |on |the |
hypothalamus |to |prevent |release |of |CRH
Cortisol |suppresses |the |immune |system |response |(which |is |a |stressor)
Summary |of |stress |responses |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--Sympathetic |-> |initiator, |rapid, |adaptive
-Adrenal |medulla |release |of |epinephrine |-> |reinforcement |that |keeps |response
|going/maintains |response
-HPA |axis: |1. |provides |metabolic |support |for |stress |responses
,2. |ends |stress |response |when |stressor |is |neutralized |->terminator
3. |provides |metabolic |support |for |repair |and |rebuilding
4. |regains |homeostasis
Characteristics |of |PTSD |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1. |symptoms |must |last |more |than |one |month |
to |be |diagnosed |as |PTSD
2. |Symptoms |may |start |a |period |after |the |traumatic |event
3. |PTSD |can |be |a |chronic |and |sometimes |life-long |illness
Mental/psychological/behavioral |symptoms |of |PTSD |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1. |intrusive |
memories: |recurrent, |unwanted |distressing |memories |of |the |traumatic |event
2. |Avoidance: |trying |to |avoid |thinking |or |talking |about |the |traumatic |event, |avoiding
|people/places |that |remind |them |of |it
3. |Cognitive |and |mind |disorder: |negative |thoughts |about |self, |other |people, |and |the |world
4. |Changes |in |physical |and |emotional |reactions: |being |easily |startled, |always |on |guard, |self-
destructive |behaviors
Distinguishing |characteristic |of |PTSD |related |to |hormones |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
Hypocortisolism |-> |CRH |levels |are |elevated |but |cortisol |levels |are |reduced
, Hypersensitivity |or |anterior |pituitary |to |cortisol |-> |causes |low |cortisol |levels
Hypothalamus |increases |CRH |release |trying |to |boost |cortisol |level |-> |drives |abnormal |stress |
encoding |and |fear |processsing
Effect |of |hypocortisolism |on |the |hippocampus |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--Hippocampus |has |CRH
|receptors, |excess |CRH |release |causes |hippocampal |atrophy
-causes |learning/memory |impairment |and |anxiety
Autoimmune |disease |in |PTSD |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Rheumatoid |arthritis
Diabetes
Hypocortisolism |as |a |risk |factor |for |PTSD |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--low |cortisol |level |before |or |
shortly |after |the |traumatic |event |is |predictive |of |subsequent |PTSD
-high |levels |of |cortisol |associated |with |low |incidence |of |PTSD
-high |doses |of |corticosterone |reduces |subsequent |PTSD |in |animal |models
Genetic |influences |on |PTSD |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--Monozygotic |twins |have |significantly |
higher |concordance |for |PTSD |than |dizygotic |twins
-estimated |30% |heritability
-genes |associated |with |HPA |axis |are |associated |with |PTSD
Answers
Definition |of |a |stressor |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-A |physical |(external), |chemical |(internal), |or |
psychological |(mental) |factor |resulting |in |tension |of |the |body |or |mind
Real |or |perceived |threat |to |homeostasis
Definition |of |allostasis |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Process |by |which |the |body |responds |to |
stressors |in |order |to |maintain |or |regain |homeostasis
Order |of |events |and |time |frame |for |the |stress |responses |of |the |body |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
1. |Sympathetic |activation |within |2-3 |seconds
2. |Activation |of |adrenal |medulla |in |20-30 |seconds
3. |HPA |axis |activation |in |minutes, |hours, |or |days
4. |Cortisol |negative |feedback |to |suppress |stress |response
Properties |of |sympathetic |activation |due |to |stress |response |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--HR |
increases, |vasoconstriction |and |Na/water |retention |lead |to |higher |BP
-glycogenolysis, |gluconeogenesis |and |lipolysis |increases |nutrient |availability
-Bronchodilation
,-pupil |dilation
-reduced |digestion |and |bladder |relaxation |direct |resources |and |attention |to |stressor
-increased |blood |flow |to |skeletal |muscle
Properties |of |adrenal |medulla |activation |due |to |stress |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--Releases |
epinephrine
-sympathetic |activity |weans |quickly, |epinephrine |is |longer |lasting
Properties |of |HPA |(hypothalamus, |pituitary, |adrenal |gland) |axis |activation |due |to |stress |- |
CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--Glucocorticoids: |break |down |proteins, |fatty |acids, |glycogen, |
gluconeogenesis, |vasoconstriction, |immunosuppression
-Minerolocorticoids: |Na/water |retention |leads |to |increased |blood |volume/pressure
Area |of |affect |for |cortisol |negative |feedback |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Cortisol |acts |on |the |
hypothalamus |to |prevent |release |of |CRH
Cortisol |suppresses |the |immune |system |response |(which |is |a |stressor)
Summary |of |stress |responses |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--Sympathetic |-> |initiator, |rapid, |adaptive
-Adrenal |medulla |release |of |epinephrine |-> |reinforcement |that |keeps |response
|going/maintains |response
-HPA |axis: |1. |provides |metabolic |support |for |stress |responses
,2. |ends |stress |response |when |stressor |is |neutralized |->terminator
3. |provides |metabolic |support |for |repair |and |rebuilding
4. |regains |homeostasis
Characteristics |of |PTSD |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1. |symptoms |must |last |more |than |one |month |
to |be |diagnosed |as |PTSD
2. |Symptoms |may |start |a |period |after |the |traumatic |event
3. |PTSD |can |be |a |chronic |and |sometimes |life-long |illness
Mental/psychological/behavioral |symptoms |of |PTSD |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1. |intrusive |
memories: |recurrent, |unwanted |distressing |memories |of |the |traumatic |event
2. |Avoidance: |trying |to |avoid |thinking |or |talking |about |the |traumatic |event, |avoiding
|people/places |that |remind |them |of |it
3. |Cognitive |and |mind |disorder: |negative |thoughts |about |self, |other |people, |and |the |world
4. |Changes |in |physical |and |emotional |reactions: |being |easily |startled, |always |on |guard, |self-
destructive |behaviors
Distinguishing |characteristic |of |PTSD |related |to |hormones |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
Hypocortisolism |-> |CRH |levels |are |elevated |but |cortisol |levels |are |reduced
, Hypersensitivity |or |anterior |pituitary |to |cortisol |-> |causes |low |cortisol |levels
Hypothalamus |increases |CRH |release |trying |to |boost |cortisol |level |-> |drives |abnormal |stress |
encoding |and |fear |processsing
Effect |of |hypocortisolism |on |the |hippocampus |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--Hippocampus |has |CRH
|receptors, |excess |CRH |release |causes |hippocampal |atrophy
-causes |learning/memory |impairment |and |anxiety
Autoimmune |disease |in |PTSD |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Rheumatoid |arthritis
Diabetes
Hypocortisolism |as |a |risk |factor |for |PTSD |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--low |cortisol |level |before |or |
shortly |after |the |traumatic |event |is |predictive |of |subsequent |PTSD
-high |levels |of |cortisol |associated |with |low |incidence |of |PTSD
-high |doses |of |corticosterone |reduces |subsequent |PTSD |in |animal |models
Genetic |influences |on |PTSD |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--Monozygotic |twins |have |significantly |
higher |concordance |for |PTSD |than |dizygotic |twins
-estimated |30% |heritability
-genes |associated |with |HPA |axis |are |associated |with |PTSD
