CAL POLY BIO 161 FINAL EXAM 2025

Light dependent reactions - -set of reactions in photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce atp and nadph Light independent reactions (calvin cycle) - -reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from atp and nadph is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars Photosystem 2 (ps2) - -one of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; electrons excited here are used to power proton gradient Photosystem 1 (ps1) - -one of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; electrons excited here reduce nadp+ Carbon fixation (calvin cycle) - -the incorporation of carbon from carbon dioxide into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism. Fixed with rubisco. Reduction (calvin cycle: phase 2) - -6carbon molecule + 6atp + 6nadph = 6g3p Regeneration (calvin cycle) - -5 g3p + 3 atp -- 3 rubp (initial 5 carbon molecule) How many turns of the calvin cycle are needed to make one glucose molecule? - -6 turns Does entropy increase or decrease for photosynthesis? - -decrease Does enthalpy increase or decrease for photosynthesis? - -increase Does gibb's free energy increase or decrease for photosynthesis? - -increase Is fluorescence used in photosynthesis? - -no Net reaction of light dependent reactions. - -2(h2o) + 2(nadp+) + adp = o2 + 4(h+) + 2(nadph) + atp Net reaction of calvin cycle - -6(co2) + 4(naph) + 6(atp) = 2(g3p) + 4(nadp+) + 6(adp) Cyclic electron flow - -an electron transport pathway that produces atp without nadph; associated with photosystem i. (only in algae) Where does the light dependent reaction take place? - -thylokoid membrane BIO 161 BIO 161 Tight junctions - -link membranes/ seal spaces Desmosomes - -anchor cells together/ link fillaments Gap junctions - -channel across two membranes ( can close). Animal cells Plasmodesmata - -the gap junctions of plants (don't close) Lipid-soluble signaling - -1) signal arrival 2) signal reception 3) direct signal response Lipid-insoluble signaling - -1) signal reception 2) signal transduction 3) signal amplification 4) signal response Gtp hydrolysis - -gdp hydrolyzed to gtp activates g protein, which causes confomational change in enzyme. Enzyme then triggers response Secretory pathway - -rough er - golgi - secretory vesicles - cell exterior/vacuole/lysosome Intermediate filaments - -cable like, anchor organelles + resist tension Actin - -assemble/dissasemble, help with cell shape + movement within cells, helps cells crawl, uses atp to power movement Microtubules - -thick hollow tubes that make up the cilia, flagella, and spindle fibers. Assemble + dissasemble, movement within cells, uses atp Srp receptor - -protein on the cytosolic surface of the er that allows its bound ribosome complex to interact with the er Mitosis - -ipppmatc Interphase - -cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of g1, s, and g2 phases Prophase - -chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms Prometaphase - -the second stage of mitosis, during which the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the sister chromatids. BIO 161 BIO 161 Metaphase - -chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell Anaphase - -phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell Telophase - -the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed. Cytokinesis - -division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells Mpf - -a cyclin-cdk complex that causes the cell to move from interphase into mitosis. G1 checkpoint - -checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors and dna damage G2 checkpoint - -the cell checks to make sure the dna is copied correctly Mpf reaction - - 1) growth factor increase cyclin and e2f 2) rb interacts with e2f 3) cdk activated, and phosphorylates rb 4) e2f released 5) e2f allows passage into s phase Telomeres - -repeated dna sequences at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. (does not contain important genetic material) How do some cells lengthen their telomeres - -telomerase How does telomerase work? - --telomerase binds to the telomere through base pairing between rna subunit and overhang of parent strand (this extends the parent strand which allows an rna primer to be created which can then be extended to fill in the lagging strand) Kinetochore - -a structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle. Tubulin subunits - -during anaphase, the ________ __________ of the kinetochore microtubules are disassembled behind the moving kinetochore Dna replication - -the process in which dna makes a duplicate copy of itself. G1 phase - -stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal functions S phase - -dna is replicated BIO 161 BIO 161 G2 phase - -stage of interphase in which cell duplicates its cytosol and organelles Bacterial chromosome replication - - 1. Dna synthesis begins at the origin of replication 2. Synthesis of dna proceeds bidirectionally around the bacterial chromosome 3. The two replication forks meet at opposite side of chromosome, ending repliucation Leading strand synthesis - -primase, dna polymerase iii, sliding clamp Lagging strand synthesis - -- discontinuous synthesis • dna pol iii - rna primer made by primase for each okazaki fragment - all rna primers removed and replaced by dna • dna pol i - backbone sealed • dna ligase Protien functions - -regulation, structure, movement, catalysis, signaling, transport Protein composition - -carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur; amino acids How many total amino acids are there? - -20 amino acids What bonds are formed between proteins to make up polymers? - -peptide bonds Protein structure: primary - -sequence of amino acids; only peptide bonds Protein structure: secondary - -pleating or coiling of the chain. Hydrogen bonds form between atoms in the backbone of the polypeptide chain. The bonds cause the peptide chain to coil or pleat. There are alpha helixs and beta pleats Protein structure: tertiary - -secondary structures and random coiled regions fold into 3 demensional shape. Hydrogen bonding, ldf's, ionic bonds, disulfide bonds. (mostly noncovalent) Function of protein depends on? - -shape Protein structure: quaternary - -two or more polypeptid