GN 301 Final Exam 2025

4 main types of cancer - - sarcoma, Carcinoma, Lymphoma, Leukemia Sarcoma - -solid tumor from mesoderm tissues including bone, cartilage, and muscle 1.9% of cancers Carcinoma - -solid tumor from epithelial tissue including colon, breast, skin, respiratory, and urinary tract cancers 85.3% of cancers Lymphoma - -increased number of white blood cells produced by spleen and lymph nodes 5.4% of cancer Leukemia - -increased number of white blood cells produced by bone marrow 3.4% of cancer Anaplasia - -undifferentiated cell structure and function Hyperplasia - -uncontrolled cell division Metasis - -ability to spend and establish tumors in other parts of the body Oncogene - -a mutated form of proto-oncogenes that cause too much cell division Tumor development can occur if one or both copies of the gene in a cell are defective Gas pedal in car, don't want to go too fast though Tumor suppressor gene - -normally function to prevent damaged cells from dividing When mutated, damaged cells can divide uncontrollably causing a tumor Both copies of a tumor suppressor gene have to be defective in the same cell for tumor development to occur Brakes in a car that limit cell production P53 gene - -"fork in the road", located on chromosome 17, tumor suppressor gene, mutated form seen in diverse cancer types including colon, lung, breast, brain; altered form found in 50% of human tumors Two-hit hypothesis for some cancer types - -both copies of the gene have to be defective in the same cell to allow tumor to develop GN 301 GN 301 Example of cancer type due to reciprocal translocation - -burkitt's lymphoma, chronic myelogenous leukemia Example of cancer type due to a series of tumor suppressor and oncogene mutations - colon cancer Rb gene - -tumor suppressor gene. A/w: retinoblastoma, and osteosarcoma. Brca1 gene and brca 2 gene - -tumor suppressor genes; 10% of breast and ovarian cancer. Epstein barr virus - -linked to burkitt's lymphoma Epigenetics - -"above the genetics", the study of heritable changes in gene expression that occur without alterations in the dna Histone modification - -turning gene expression on and off by chemical tags What info do genetic counselors give to patients - -medical, psychological, and familial information regarding genetic contributions to disease, like inheritance, dealing with deisease, promoting adaptation to the risk or condition What info do genetic counselors need from patients - -family, medical, developmental, and reproductive history Where do genetic counselors work - -genetic companies and in private offices in close relation to medical and psychological professionals Non-directive counseling - -the genetic counselor shares his/her expertise, knowledge, and experiences But the patient and the patient's family members are responsible for making the decision that they feel is best for their situation What education is required in order to be a genetic counselor - -master's degree in genetic counseling, certified by examination through the american board of genetic counseling Who benefits from genetic counseling - -patients with a genetic disorder, family members of patients, and individuals who are at risk of having a disorder or of having a child with a genetic disorder Population - -a local group of a species among which mating can occur Hardy-weinberg equilibrium law - -if these assumptions are met: infinitely large population, panmictic (random-mating), no selection, no migration, no mutation then the GN 301 GN 301 allele and genotypic frequencies will arrive at and remain at equilibrium frequencies after one generation of random mating after all assumptions are met Genetic drift - -the gradual changes in gene frequencies in a population due to random events Founder effect - -sampling error that occurs when new population is established; for example, island of tristan da cuhna Selection - -some genotype has advantage or disadvantage in reproductive ability 3 types of selection - -directional selection Disruptive selection Stablizing selection Changes in the composition of a population - -divergence of species Emergence of species Extinction of secies Evolution - -the change in the genetic composition of a population over time Haplotype - -a combination of genes or dna sequences that are inherited as a single unit Race - -a population characterized by allele frequencies that are different from other populations of the same species Racial features may allow for increased survival in different environments (skin color) Difficulty classifying humans into races (3-34 races according to various researchers_ Some say we should not classify humans into races since lots of overlap between groups and much of the variation present is within groups Molecular clock - -model that uses dna comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently What types of dna sequences are typically evaluated to determine evolutionary relationships - -chromosome banding Where did the human species originate? - -africa 200,000 years ago What chromosome aberration separates human and chimpanzee chromosomes - chromosome #2 could be derived by a robertsonian translocation between two smaller ancestral chromosomes Which population has the most genetic variation and why? - -african populations show the greatest amount of genetic diversity because of more time to accumulate mutations/ differences/ variation if have been around longer GN 301 GN 301 Who coined the term eugenics - -sir francis galton in 1883 to replace stirpiculture Euthenics - -provide opportunities and experiences to improve the quality of life without regard to genotype (ex. Exercise, education) Euphenic - -alter phenotypes of affected individuals to improve the quality of life (ex. Plastic surgery, fake tanning, contacts, eye glasses) Eugenic - -pertaining to the improvement of race; n. Eugenics: study of hereditary improvement of the human race Retinoblastoma - -malignant ocular tumor of retinal cells Tumor - -distinct mass of abnormal cel