NURS 1230 Week 7 UPDATED ACTUAL
Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER - the flow of blood through arteries and capillaries
delivering nutrients and oxygen to cells
-gas exchange is transferred from the placenta to the lungs
-fetal shunts close (foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, ductus venosus
-resistance to flow in the pulmonary system decreases as systemic resistance increases
-pulmonary vascular resistance decreases and marked increase in pulmonary blood flow follows
- CORRECT ANSWER - what are changes in circulation that occur after birth during or
around the first breath?
congenital heart disease - CORRECT ANSWER - What is the most common heart defect
in the U.S.?
congenital - CORRECT ANSWER - means that defects are present from birth
heart failure and cyanosis - CORRECT ANSWER - What are the 2 primary physiologic
consequences of congenital heart defects?
-Increased pulmonary blood flow
-Decreased pulmonary blood flow
-Obstructive lesions
-Misc. complex lesions - CORRECT ANSWER - What are the 4 classifications of CHD
based on blood flow patterns?
-ventricular septal defect- hole in the wall between the lower chambers of the heart or ventricles
(most common type of CHD)
-atrial septal defect- hole in the wall between the upper chambers of the heart or atrium
, -increases blood flow because of left and right shunting (right side pumps harder to make up for
increased pressure)
-consequence= HEART FAILURE and PULMONARY HYPERTENSION (too much back up of
blood flow in the lungs); tachypnea and tachycardia
-treatment= based on size of the lesion, surgery to patch the hole, most will close spontaneously=
over 80% of ASD and about 35-60% of VSD - CORRECT ANSWER - What are the 2
defects that results in increased pulmonary blood flow? What are the definitions of these defects?
Why does the pulmonary blood flow increase? What are the consequences of these defects?
Treatment?
-tetralogy of fallot (narrowing of pulmonary valve)
-results in CYANOSIS, extreme fatigue, hypercyanotic episodes, chronic HYPOXEMIA
-treatment= surgical repair of defects during infancy is the prefered treatment
-4 defects: VSD, pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy (increase in
muscle mass due to pressure overload) - CORRECT ANSWER - What defect results in
decreased pulmonary blood flow? What does this defect lead to? Treatment? What are the 4
defects this defect can lead to?
-coarctation of aorta (aorta is constructed, blocking blood flow from left ventricle, decreases
blood flow, there is decreased oxygenated blood to tissues); the greater the afterload, the harder
the heart has to work to push blood through systemic vasculature
-poor lower extremity perfusion, pulse and BP differences between the upper and lower
extremities, decreases pulses, decreases perfusion, bad cap refill, cyanosis
-results in HEART FAILURE and PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
-treatment= interventional cardiac catheterization to try and expand the aorta (stent), surgery,
medications to improve cardiac output - CORRECT ANSWER - What defect results in
obstructive lesions? What can this defect lead to? Treatment?
-transposition of great arteries (aorta and pulmonary artery are reversed); S/S= cyanosis,
hypoxemia, progressive desaturation, and heart failure;
-hypoplastic left heart syndrome (left side of the heart is severely underdeveloped causing the
right side of the heart to have to pump blood to the lungs and the rest of the body); S/S=
grayish/blue coloring, dyspnea, hypotension, tachypnea, and heart failure;
-treatment= surgical intervention or heart transplant, separate saturated and desaturated blood
Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER - the flow of blood through arteries and capillaries
delivering nutrients and oxygen to cells
-gas exchange is transferred from the placenta to the lungs
-fetal shunts close (foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, ductus venosus
-resistance to flow in the pulmonary system decreases as systemic resistance increases
-pulmonary vascular resistance decreases and marked increase in pulmonary blood flow follows
- CORRECT ANSWER - what are changes in circulation that occur after birth during or
around the first breath?
congenital heart disease - CORRECT ANSWER - What is the most common heart defect
in the U.S.?
congenital - CORRECT ANSWER - means that defects are present from birth
heart failure and cyanosis - CORRECT ANSWER - What are the 2 primary physiologic
consequences of congenital heart defects?
-Increased pulmonary blood flow
-Decreased pulmonary blood flow
-Obstructive lesions
-Misc. complex lesions - CORRECT ANSWER - What are the 4 classifications of CHD
based on blood flow patterns?
-ventricular septal defect- hole in the wall between the lower chambers of the heart or ventricles
(most common type of CHD)
-atrial septal defect- hole in the wall between the upper chambers of the heart or atrium
, -increases blood flow because of left and right shunting (right side pumps harder to make up for
increased pressure)
-consequence= HEART FAILURE and PULMONARY HYPERTENSION (too much back up of
blood flow in the lungs); tachypnea and tachycardia
-treatment= based on size of the lesion, surgery to patch the hole, most will close spontaneously=
over 80% of ASD and about 35-60% of VSD - CORRECT ANSWER - What are the 2
defects that results in increased pulmonary blood flow? What are the definitions of these defects?
Why does the pulmonary blood flow increase? What are the consequences of these defects?
Treatment?
-tetralogy of fallot (narrowing of pulmonary valve)
-results in CYANOSIS, extreme fatigue, hypercyanotic episodes, chronic HYPOXEMIA
-treatment= surgical repair of defects during infancy is the prefered treatment
-4 defects: VSD, pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy (increase in
muscle mass due to pressure overload) - CORRECT ANSWER - What defect results in
decreased pulmonary blood flow? What does this defect lead to? Treatment? What are the 4
defects this defect can lead to?
-coarctation of aorta (aorta is constructed, blocking blood flow from left ventricle, decreases
blood flow, there is decreased oxygenated blood to tissues); the greater the afterload, the harder
the heart has to work to push blood through systemic vasculature
-poor lower extremity perfusion, pulse and BP differences between the upper and lower
extremities, decreases pulses, decreases perfusion, bad cap refill, cyanosis
-results in HEART FAILURE and PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
-treatment= interventional cardiac catheterization to try and expand the aorta (stent), surgery,
medications to improve cardiac output - CORRECT ANSWER - What defect results in
obstructive lesions? What can this defect lead to? Treatment?
-transposition of great arteries (aorta and pulmonary artery are reversed); S/S= cyanosis,
hypoxemia, progressive desaturation, and heart failure;
-hypoplastic left heart syndrome (left side of the heart is severely underdeveloped causing the
right side of the heart to have to pump blood to the lungs and the rest of the body); S/S=
grayish/blue coloring, dyspnea, hypotension, tachypnea, and heart failure;
-treatment= surgical intervention or heart transplant, separate saturated and desaturated blood
