AQA A LEVEL
SOCIOLOGY -
PAPER 3
CRIME AND DEVIANCE
ESSAY PLANS
TOPICS:
1. FUNCTIONALISM
2. INTERACTIONALIST/SOCIAL ACTION
3. MARXISM/CLASS
4. REALISM
5. GENDER
6. ETHNICITY
7. MEDIA
8. GLOBALISATION + GREEN + STATE CRIME
9. VICTIMS
10. CONTROL + PUNISHMENT + SURVEILLANCE
, FUCNTIONALISM
STRAIN THEORY 3 SUBCULTURES STATUS FRUSTRATION FUNCTION OF C
P - crime due to anomie and inability to P – some struggle to achieve legitimately P – lower classes have higher inability to P - crime is inevitable, univers
achieve mainstream goals (American (SUB-CULTURALIST THEORY) achieve mainstream successes legitimately functional.
dream). (SUB-CULTURALIST THEORY)
Ev- Merton -> 5 different adaptations to Ev- Cloward and Ohlin -> suggest Ev- Cohen -> status frustration (boys and men Ev- Durkheim -> causes of cri
strain: illegitimate opportunity structure, not commit utilitarian crime due to anger with • ineffective socialisation
• conformity (individuals accept socially everyone adapts to turning to innovation societal position and cultural dep) • diversity of lifestyles and c
approved goals and strive to achieve (respond in diff ways) • delinquent subcultures subcultures invert • anomie
them legitimately) 3 types of subculture: mainstream values crime can be functional:
• innovation (individuals accept socially • criminal (apprenticeship + training) • alternative status hierarchy (looks for status • boundary maintenance (sh
approved goals but use illegitimate • conflict ( high population turnover, social within gangs and create illegitimate wrong)
means) disorganisation -> struggle with opportunity structure) • safety valve (David -> rele
illegitimate success due to no hierarchy) frustration)
• retreatism (double failure – legal and • too much is dysfunctional
illegal -> turn to drug use)
Ex- This useful for explaining utilitarian crime Ex- focus on utilitarian and non-utilitarian Ex- alternative status hierarchy offers non- Ev- explains crimes positive fu
+ property crime is most present in crime crime utilitarian explanation for crime as signal that that norms of so
stats. • anti-deterministic – more diverse in more developed than Merton's strain theory updating – adaptation + chan
too much crime seen as sign society is response
unequal.
Shows why ethnic minorities and working
class are more likely to commit crime (due to
their social status).
Ev- Sutherland -> criticises as it ignores Ev- does not consider white collar crime Ev- assumes working class boys share middle A - This is useful as it has led
white collar crime South -> drug trade is a mix of all 3 sub- class goals and only reject these when they fail research (strain theory)
Merton also takes crime stats at face value cultures • ignores possibility that they did not share
which are unrealistic (dark figure) and Matza -> most delinquents are not these values in the first place therefore not Ev- boundary maintenance do
deterministic committed to their subculture failures recidivism rates
• Miller -> w/c have own subculture with own • the amount of crime that is
values subjective
• feminists -> criticise as it s
patriarchy and contradicts
theory and nuclear fam (e.g
SOCIOLOGY -
PAPER 3
CRIME AND DEVIANCE
ESSAY PLANS
TOPICS:
1. FUNCTIONALISM
2. INTERACTIONALIST/SOCIAL ACTION
3. MARXISM/CLASS
4. REALISM
5. GENDER
6. ETHNICITY
7. MEDIA
8. GLOBALISATION + GREEN + STATE CRIME
9. VICTIMS
10. CONTROL + PUNISHMENT + SURVEILLANCE
, FUCNTIONALISM
STRAIN THEORY 3 SUBCULTURES STATUS FRUSTRATION FUNCTION OF C
P - crime due to anomie and inability to P – some struggle to achieve legitimately P – lower classes have higher inability to P - crime is inevitable, univers
achieve mainstream goals (American (SUB-CULTURALIST THEORY) achieve mainstream successes legitimately functional.
dream). (SUB-CULTURALIST THEORY)
Ev- Merton -> 5 different adaptations to Ev- Cloward and Ohlin -> suggest Ev- Cohen -> status frustration (boys and men Ev- Durkheim -> causes of cri
strain: illegitimate opportunity structure, not commit utilitarian crime due to anger with • ineffective socialisation
• conformity (individuals accept socially everyone adapts to turning to innovation societal position and cultural dep) • diversity of lifestyles and c
approved goals and strive to achieve (respond in diff ways) • delinquent subcultures subcultures invert • anomie
them legitimately) 3 types of subculture: mainstream values crime can be functional:
• innovation (individuals accept socially • criminal (apprenticeship + training) • alternative status hierarchy (looks for status • boundary maintenance (sh
approved goals but use illegitimate • conflict ( high population turnover, social within gangs and create illegitimate wrong)
means) disorganisation -> struggle with opportunity structure) • safety valve (David -> rele
illegitimate success due to no hierarchy) frustration)
• retreatism (double failure – legal and • too much is dysfunctional
illegal -> turn to drug use)
Ex- This useful for explaining utilitarian crime Ex- focus on utilitarian and non-utilitarian Ex- alternative status hierarchy offers non- Ev- explains crimes positive fu
+ property crime is most present in crime crime utilitarian explanation for crime as signal that that norms of so
stats. • anti-deterministic – more diverse in more developed than Merton's strain theory updating – adaptation + chan
too much crime seen as sign society is response
unequal.
Shows why ethnic minorities and working
class are more likely to commit crime (due to
their social status).
Ev- Sutherland -> criticises as it ignores Ev- does not consider white collar crime Ev- assumes working class boys share middle A - This is useful as it has led
white collar crime South -> drug trade is a mix of all 3 sub- class goals and only reject these when they fail research (strain theory)
Merton also takes crime stats at face value cultures • ignores possibility that they did not share
which are unrealistic (dark figure) and Matza -> most delinquents are not these values in the first place therefore not Ev- boundary maintenance do
deterministic committed to their subculture failures recidivism rates
• Miller -> w/c have own subculture with own • the amount of crime that is
values subjective
• feminists -> criticise as it s
patriarchy and contradicts
theory and nuclear fam (e.g
