CAPA/CPAN REVIEW QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS (ALREADY GRADED
A+)| LATEST RELEASE.
⫸ Electrolytes: Phosphorus HYPERphosphatemia. Answer: Normal: 1 - 2
Exactly same as HYPERcalcemia
High Phos = high muscle = cramping
Causes:
Hypoparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia
Symptoms:
Twitching
Cramps
Laryngospams
Diarrhea
Positive Chvostek's sign and Trousseau's sign
Treatment:
Ca replacement
Phos binding antacids
Dialysis
⫸ Electrolytes: Potassium HYPOkalcemia. Answer: Normal: 3.5 - 5.0
Causes:
,Lost by diuretics
Bowel prep
Vomiting/diarrhea
Laxative abuse, bulimia
Symptoms:
abd distention
loss of bowel sounds
weakness
hypotension
PVCs
Treatment:
Treat with K+ replacement
⫸ Electrolytes: Potassium HYPERkalcemia. Answer: Normal: 3.5 - 5.0
Causes:
Mainly from Hospital over replacing
Massive crushing Trauma
Symptoms:
Intestinal cramping
Prolonged PR, QT interval (widened QRS)
Peaked T waves
Hypertension
Spastic paralysis
Cardiac standstill
K+ and Hydrogen Ion and Glucose are buddies (if one goes up they all go up)
-DKA
-Burns
,-Addisons Disease
Treatment:
Kayexalate - takes several hours (comes out both ends- diarrhea/vomiting)
D50 followed by insulin (insulin increases permeability of cell wall)
Correction of acidosis
⫸ Autonomic Nervous System. Answer: Sympathetic-fight or flight
Adrenergic response
dilate pupils, increase HR, bronchials open to breathe, increase glucose for energy,
Parasympathetic-rest and digest
Cholinergic Response
makes brain sleepy, slow HR, relaxes airway, stores glucose, increases digestion, relaxes bladder
muscle
⫸ Adrenergic Drugs. Answer: affect Sympathetic Nervous system
mimics, inhibit or enhance the neurotransmitter adrenaline and noradrenaline
Two types:
Alpha and Beta
⫸ Cholinergic Drugs. Answer: affect the Parasympathetic nervous system
mimics, inhibits or enhance neurotransmitter acetylcholine
Two Types:
Nicotinic and muscarinic
⫸ Intentional Torts. Answer: Violating patient rights; No actual harm necessary.
3 most common:
, Assault-place person in fear of being touched
Battery-Touch without permission
False imprisonment-unjustified detention
⫸ Intentional Quasi Torts. Answer: No intent to injure or cause distress to another person.
Ex: Patient abandonment, defamation of character, invasion of privacy, breach of confidentiality
⫸ **Staffing Ratios. Answer: Staffing ratios see pg. 864
ISO patients 1:1
Peds <8 yo unconscious = 1:1 regardless of parent.
( if they have parent and stable you can have another patient)
1:1 New phase 1 admission (fresh out of OR), unstable hemodynamically, unstable airway
⫸ PreAdmission. Answer: -usually phone call is done 2 weeks prior to surgery
-written instructions should be at 5th grade level
-Med Rec starts at 1st PAT visit when MD decided pt needs surgery
⫸ Med History (AntiCoags). Answer: *AntiCoag therapy, NSAIDs, Aspirin should be stopped
Aspirin-stopped up to 7 days prior
Coumadin-stopped 5 days prior (coags taken immediately before surgery)
Dipyridamole (Persantine)- stopped 2 days prior
*Interfere with plt function: Indomethacin, tricyclic antidepressants, phenothiazines, furosemide,
steroids
⫸ Med Rec (Held vs. Taken Day of Surgery). Answer: Held Day of:
Diuretics, insulin, oral hypoglycemic, MAOI antidepressants
CORRECT ANSWERS (ALREADY GRADED
A+)| LATEST RELEASE.
⫸ Electrolytes: Phosphorus HYPERphosphatemia. Answer: Normal: 1 - 2
Exactly same as HYPERcalcemia
High Phos = high muscle = cramping
Causes:
Hypoparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia
Symptoms:
Twitching
Cramps
Laryngospams
Diarrhea
Positive Chvostek's sign and Trousseau's sign
Treatment:
Ca replacement
Phos binding antacids
Dialysis
⫸ Electrolytes: Potassium HYPOkalcemia. Answer: Normal: 3.5 - 5.0
Causes:
,Lost by diuretics
Bowel prep
Vomiting/diarrhea
Laxative abuse, bulimia
Symptoms:
abd distention
loss of bowel sounds
weakness
hypotension
PVCs
Treatment:
Treat with K+ replacement
⫸ Electrolytes: Potassium HYPERkalcemia. Answer: Normal: 3.5 - 5.0
Causes:
Mainly from Hospital over replacing
Massive crushing Trauma
Symptoms:
Intestinal cramping
Prolonged PR, QT interval (widened QRS)
Peaked T waves
Hypertension
Spastic paralysis
Cardiac standstill
K+ and Hydrogen Ion and Glucose are buddies (if one goes up they all go up)
-DKA
-Burns
,-Addisons Disease
Treatment:
Kayexalate - takes several hours (comes out both ends- diarrhea/vomiting)
D50 followed by insulin (insulin increases permeability of cell wall)
Correction of acidosis
⫸ Autonomic Nervous System. Answer: Sympathetic-fight or flight
Adrenergic response
dilate pupils, increase HR, bronchials open to breathe, increase glucose for energy,
Parasympathetic-rest and digest
Cholinergic Response
makes brain sleepy, slow HR, relaxes airway, stores glucose, increases digestion, relaxes bladder
muscle
⫸ Adrenergic Drugs. Answer: affect Sympathetic Nervous system
mimics, inhibit or enhance the neurotransmitter adrenaline and noradrenaline
Two types:
Alpha and Beta
⫸ Cholinergic Drugs. Answer: affect the Parasympathetic nervous system
mimics, inhibits or enhance neurotransmitter acetylcholine
Two Types:
Nicotinic and muscarinic
⫸ Intentional Torts. Answer: Violating patient rights; No actual harm necessary.
3 most common:
, Assault-place person in fear of being touched
Battery-Touch without permission
False imprisonment-unjustified detention
⫸ Intentional Quasi Torts. Answer: No intent to injure or cause distress to another person.
Ex: Patient abandonment, defamation of character, invasion of privacy, breach of confidentiality
⫸ **Staffing Ratios. Answer: Staffing ratios see pg. 864
ISO patients 1:1
Peds <8 yo unconscious = 1:1 regardless of parent.
( if they have parent and stable you can have another patient)
1:1 New phase 1 admission (fresh out of OR), unstable hemodynamically, unstable airway
⫸ PreAdmission. Answer: -usually phone call is done 2 weeks prior to surgery
-written instructions should be at 5th grade level
-Med Rec starts at 1st PAT visit when MD decided pt needs surgery
⫸ Med History (AntiCoags). Answer: *AntiCoag therapy, NSAIDs, Aspirin should be stopped
Aspirin-stopped up to 7 days prior
Coumadin-stopped 5 days prior (coags taken immediately before surgery)
Dipyridamole (Persantine)- stopped 2 days prior
*Interfere with plt function: Indomethacin, tricyclic antidepressants, phenothiazines, furosemide,
steroids
⫸ Med Rec (Held vs. Taken Day of Surgery). Answer: Held Day of:
Diuretics, insulin, oral hypoglycemic, MAOI antidepressants
