Chapter 01: History of Massage: Prehistoric Times to the Modern Era, and
Professional Societies, Organizations, and Associations
Salvo: Massage Therapy, 6th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which method is defined as manual manipulation of soft tissue using pressure and traction for
therapeutic, palliative, and recreational purposes?
a. Acupuncture
b. Ayurveda
c. Polarity therapy
d. Massage therapy
ANS: D
Massage therapy is as a method of manipulating soft tissue using pressure and traction for
therapeutic, palliative, and recreational purposes.
2. Which origin for the word massage is Greek?
a. Mashesh
b. Masso
c. Masser
d. Makeh
ANS: B
The origin of the word massage is unclear, but can be traced to numerous sources: the Hebrew
mashesh, the Greek masso and massin, the Latin massa, the Arabic mass’h, the Sanskrit
makeh, and the French masTsE
erS. TBANKSELLER.COM
3. When is the earliest the term massage was used by most European-based cultures?
a. 1600s
b. 1700s
c. 1800s
d. 1900s
ANS: C
By the early 1800s, the term massage was used by most European-based cultures.
Historically, massage was referred to by its techniques such as friction or simply rubbing.
4. The first written records of massage date back to 3000 BC in which country?
a. India
b. China
c. Egypt
d. Greece
ANS: B
Early records have revealed that the practice of massage goes back to China, as early as 3000
BC. Acupuncture was not mentioned in Chinese writings until 90 BC.
5. Which work is commonly referred to as the classic scripture of traditional Chinese medicine?
a. Tao Te Ching
, b. Nei Ching
c. Ayur-Veda
d. Corpus Hippocraticum
ANS: B
At the time of Hwang Ti, various ideas and beliefs were compiled under the name of the
Yellow Emperor (died in 2599 BC) which became the classic scripture of traditional Chinese
medicine known as the Nei Chang. The Nei Chang was written about 2760 BC, and this work
contains detailed descriptions of massage procedures as well as herbal medicines.
6. What is the original massage technique in China and the precursor to manual and energetic
therapies?
a. Polarity
b. Shiatsu
c. Acupuncture
d. Amma
ANS: D
Amma is regarded as the original massage technique and precursor to all other Chinese
therapies, manual and energetic.
7. Which healing method is based on Hindu tradition?
a. Ayurveda
b. Shiatsu
c. Amma
d. Polarity
ANS: A
Knowledge of amma massage traveled to the subcontinent of India from China and massage
became part of Hindu tradition. Massage is described in India’s first great medical works, the
Ayur-Veda books of wisdom (about 1800 BC) and recommend it as an almost indispensable
healing procedure.
8. Which method is Japanese but based on Chinese medicine concepts, and uses applied pressure
of the thumbs, elbows, and other parts of the body?
a. Ayurveda
b. Shiatsu
c. Massage
d. Amma
ANS: B
Shiatsu is a Japanese method based on the same traditional Chinese medicine concepts as
acupuncture. Acupuncturists use needles at specific points to balance the flow of energy;
shiatsu therapists use their fingers, thumbs, forearms, and elbows, and even their knees and
feet.
9. Who is generally recognized as the father of modern Western medicine?
a. Galen b.
Celsus c.
Rhazes
d. Hippocrates
, ANS: D
Hippocrates was known to be a fine clinician, founder of a medical school, author of
numerous books, and advocated the use of massage or “rubbing.” His works are collectively
known as the Corpus Hippocraticum, and summarized much of what was known about
disease and medicine in the ancient world. Hippocrates is generally recognized as the father of
modern Western medicine, and he believed that physicians should avoid causing harm to
patients.
10. Who wrote the Canon of Medicine, the most famous book in the history of medicine in both
the East and the West?
a. Rhazes
b. Celsus
c. Avicenna
d. Hippocrates
ANS: C
A text entitled or Canon of Medicine was written by one of the greatest
Persian physicians of his era, Avicenna (980-1037). He was also known as Ibn Sina. The
Canon of Medicine is the most famous book in the history of medicine in both the East and
the West.
11. Which individual discussed the effects of massage and used friction on joints in the 1500s?
a. Paré
b. Harvey
c. Galen
d. Mezger
ANS: A
Ambroise Paré (1515-1590) was a famous French surgeon who was among the earliest
individuals in this era to discuss the effects of massage. He also used friction to treat
dislocated joints and other orthopedic conditions.
12. Who was the first known scientist to demonstrate that blood circulation due to muscular
contraction of the heart?
a. Paré
b. Galen
c. Harvey
d. Mezger
ANS: C
English scientist William Harvey (1578–1657) discovered the circulation of blood in 1628.
Harvey observed the hearts of living animals and determined that muscular contraction
(systole) pumped blood through arteries and veins. This discovery enhanced the acceptance of
massage as a therapeutic measure.
13. Who developed the Swedish Movement Cure, which included the use of massage?
a. Johann Mezger
b. Pehr H. Ling
c. George Henry Taylor
d. John Harvey Kellogg
, ANS: B
Ling developed his own system of medical or Swedish gymnastics and exercise, known as the
Ling System, Swedish Movements, or Swedish Movement Cure. The term Swedish massage
was used to describe the massage component of Ling’s system.
14. Which term describes a component of the Ling System?
a. Shiatsu
b. Ayurveda
c. Thai massage
d. Swedish massage
ANS: D
The term “Swedish massage” was used to describe the massage component of Ling’s system.
For this reason, Ling is often regarded as the father of Swedish massage.
15. Which individual is credited with having introduced French terms still in use to describe
massage techniques?
a. Johann Mezger
b. William Harvey
c. Pehr H. Ling
d. Charles Taylor
ANS: A
The Dutch physician Johann Mezger (1838–1909) is credited with having introduced the
French terminology still used to describe massage techniques (e.g., effleurage, pétrissage,
tapotement) that are currently used in massage legislation and massage curricula. French was
the international language in the nineteenth century.
16. Who is the founder of modern nursing, which included massage as part of care?
a. Tiffany Field
b. Florence Nightingale
c. Charles Fayette Taylor
d. John Harvey Kellogg
ANS: B
Florence Nightingale (1829-1910) from England was the founder of modern nursing. She
assumed patient care in hospitals in Turkey during the Crimean War (1853-1856). She
developed a standard of care for soldiers, which massage was an integral part of.
17. French physician Lucas-Championniere used massage and exercise to treat soldiers injured
during which event?
a. World War I
b. World War II
c. Civil War
d. Viet Nam War
ANS: A
World War I provided countless opportunities for the use of massage and exercise to
rehabilitate injured soldiers. French physician Just Lucas-Championniere (1843-1913)
advocated for the use of massage and passive movements to treat soft tissue injuries,
particularly fractures.
Professional Societies, Organizations, and Associations
Salvo: Massage Therapy, 6th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which method is defined as manual manipulation of soft tissue using pressure and traction for
therapeutic, palliative, and recreational purposes?
a. Acupuncture
b. Ayurveda
c. Polarity therapy
d. Massage therapy
ANS: D
Massage therapy is as a method of manipulating soft tissue using pressure and traction for
therapeutic, palliative, and recreational purposes.
2. Which origin for the word massage is Greek?
a. Mashesh
b. Masso
c. Masser
d. Makeh
ANS: B
The origin of the word massage is unclear, but can be traced to numerous sources: the Hebrew
mashesh, the Greek masso and massin, the Latin massa, the Arabic mass’h, the Sanskrit
makeh, and the French masTsE
erS. TBANKSELLER.COM
3. When is the earliest the term massage was used by most European-based cultures?
a. 1600s
b. 1700s
c. 1800s
d. 1900s
ANS: C
By the early 1800s, the term massage was used by most European-based cultures.
Historically, massage was referred to by its techniques such as friction or simply rubbing.
4. The first written records of massage date back to 3000 BC in which country?
a. India
b. China
c. Egypt
d. Greece
ANS: B
Early records have revealed that the practice of massage goes back to China, as early as 3000
BC. Acupuncture was not mentioned in Chinese writings until 90 BC.
5. Which work is commonly referred to as the classic scripture of traditional Chinese medicine?
a. Tao Te Ching
, b. Nei Ching
c. Ayur-Veda
d. Corpus Hippocraticum
ANS: B
At the time of Hwang Ti, various ideas and beliefs were compiled under the name of the
Yellow Emperor (died in 2599 BC) which became the classic scripture of traditional Chinese
medicine known as the Nei Chang. The Nei Chang was written about 2760 BC, and this work
contains detailed descriptions of massage procedures as well as herbal medicines.
6. What is the original massage technique in China and the precursor to manual and energetic
therapies?
a. Polarity
b. Shiatsu
c. Acupuncture
d. Amma
ANS: D
Amma is regarded as the original massage technique and precursor to all other Chinese
therapies, manual and energetic.
7. Which healing method is based on Hindu tradition?
a. Ayurveda
b. Shiatsu
c. Amma
d. Polarity
ANS: A
Knowledge of amma massage traveled to the subcontinent of India from China and massage
became part of Hindu tradition. Massage is described in India’s first great medical works, the
Ayur-Veda books of wisdom (about 1800 BC) and recommend it as an almost indispensable
healing procedure.
8. Which method is Japanese but based on Chinese medicine concepts, and uses applied pressure
of the thumbs, elbows, and other parts of the body?
a. Ayurveda
b. Shiatsu
c. Massage
d. Amma
ANS: B
Shiatsu is a Japanese method based on the same traditional Chinese medicine concepts as
acupuncture. Acupuncturists use needles at specific points to balance the flow of energy;
shiatsu therapists use their fingers, thumbs, forearms, and elbows, and even their knees and
feet.
9. Who is generally recognized as the father of modern Western medicine?
a. Galen b.
Celsus c.
Rhazes
d. Hippocrates
, ANS: D
Hippocrates was known to be a fine clinician, founder of a medical school, author of
numerous books, and advocated the use of massage or “rubbing.” His works are collectively
known as the Corpus Hippocraticum, and summarized much of what was known about
disease and medicine in the ancient world. Hippocrates is generally recognized as the father of
modern Western medicine, and he believed that physicians should avoid causing harm to
patients.
10. Who wrote the Canon of Medicine, the most famous book in the history of medicine in both
the East and the West?
a. Rhazes
b. Celsus
c. Avicenna
d. Hippocrates
ANS: C
A text entitled or Canon of Medicine was written by one of the greatest
Persian physicians of his era, Avicenna (980-1037). He was also known as Ibn Sina. The
Canon of Medicine is the most famous book in the history of medicine in both the East and
the West.
11. Which individual discussed the effects of massage and used friction on joints in the 1500s?
a. Paré
b. Harvey
c. Galen
d. Mezger
ANS: A
Ambroise Paré (1515-1590) was a famous French surgeon who was among the earliest
individuals in this era to discuss the effects of massage. He also used friction to treat
dislocated joints and other orthopedic conditions.
12. Who was the first known scientist to demonstrate that blood circulation due to muscular
contraction of the heart?
a. Paré
b. Galen
c. Harvey
d. Mezger
ANS: C
English scientist William Harvey (1578–1657) discovered the circulation of blood in 1628.
Harvey observed the hearts of living animals and determined that muscular contraction
(systole) pumped blood through arteries and veins. This discovery enhanced the acceptance of
massage as a therapeutic measure.
13. Who developed the Swedish Movement Cure, which included the use of massage?
a. Johann Mezger
b. Pehr H. Ling
c. George Henry Taylor
d. John Harvey Kellogg
, ANS: B
Ling developed his own system of medical or Swedish gymnastics and exercise, known as the
Ling System, Swedish Movements, or Swedish Movement Cure. The term Swedish massage
was used to describe the massage component of Ling’s system.
14. Which term describes a component of the Ling System?
a. Shiatsu
b. Ayurveda
c. Thai massage
d. Swedish massage
ANS: D
The term “Swedish massage” was used to describe the massage component of Ling’s system.
For this reason, Ling is often regarded as the father of Swedish massage.
15. Which individual is credited with having introduced French terms still in use to describe
massage techniques?
a. Johann Mezger
b. William Harvey
c. Pehr H. Ling
d. Charles Taylor
ANS: A
The Dutch physician Johann Mezger (1838–1909) is credited with having introduced the
French terminology still used to describe massage techniques (e.g., effleurage, pétrissage,
tapotement) that are currently used in massage legislation and massage curricula. French was
the international language in the nineteenth century.
16. Who is the founder of modern nursing, which included massage as part of care?
a. Tiffany Field
b. Florence Nightingale
c. Charles Fayette Taylor
d. John Harvey Kellogg
ANS: B
Florence Nightingale (1829-1910) from England was the founder of modern nursing. She
assumed patient care in hospitals in Turkey during the Crimean War (1853-1856). She
developed a standard of care for soldiers, which massage was an integral part of.
17. French physician Lucas-Championniere used massage and exercise to treat soldiers injured
during which event?
a. World War I
b. World War II
c. Civil War
d. Viet Nam War
ANS: A
World War I provided countless opportunities for the use of massage and exercise to
rehabilitate injured soldiers. French physician Just Lucas-Championniere (1843-1913)
advocated for the use of massage and passive movements to treat soft tissue injuries,
particularly fractures.
