BIO210 (Genetics) Final Exam Study Guide
____ needs to be reactivated before meiosis - ANS -Xi
Xs reactivated before meiosis (also early in development)
Done while an embryo for females
\_______ _________arises from random events - ANS -genetic drift
Effect is larger in small populations
\___________ are the adapters between nucleic acids and peptides - ANS -tRNAs
\___________ results from nondisjunction - ANS -Aneuploidy
\____________ is the ultimate source of genetic variation - ANS -mutation
constant process
New alleles arise from mutation
\_____% of the nuclei produced by meiosis aren't intended for fertilization, but the cytoplasm of
those polar bodies is retained by the ovum - ANS -75%
Advantage is genetic variation
Leads to four cells, but only one gamete
\1% recombination - ANS -= 1 map unit = 1 centiMorgan
\2-Channel Microarray - ANS -label mRNA (or cDNA) with different fluorescent markers
Use microarray to compare expression patterns
Green for one transcriptome, red for another, yellow for both
\3 main mechanisms of horizontal inheritance - ANS -Transformation, Conjugation, Transduction
\3 possibilities after a mutation - ANS -Effects an essential function (cell dies)
Mutation affects another function
Mutation affects a gene associated with cell division
Tumor suppressor is damaged and can not turn on
Oncogene is damaged and can not turn off
\A site in ribosome - ANS -tRNA with amino acid, complements the next codon
A stands for amino acid
Elongation factors
\Abbreviation for purine is ______ - ANS -R
\Abbreviation for pyrimidine is ______ - ANS -Y
\Adaptation - ANS -trait that results from natural selection
\Adaptive radiation - ANS -divergence of a single group/species, each better suited to survive in
its specific niche. Split into a series of distinct but related species/groups
,\Additive variation - ANS -incomplete dominance, with multiple genes
Each allele combination contributes a little
\Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine - ANS -Complementary base pairing: weak hydrogen bond
G-C & A-T
Purine + pyrimidine pairing
The bonds between complementary pairs are weak but there are many
\Agouti coloration in mammals is an example of a _______________ - ANS -Dominance series
of multiple alleles
hierarchy of dominance
\All nucleotides have the same general, 3-Part structure (dNTP) - ANS -Deoxyribonucleotide
Triphosphate
Deoxyribose sugar
Ribose: 5'-C sugar
Triphosphate: α, β, γ phosphates
Bonded to 5'-C
Nucleotide base = Nitrogenous base
Bonded to 1'-C, diff. between nucleotides
\Allelic frequencies - ANS -proportions of each allele
\Allolactose (isomer of lactose) - ANS -an inducer: inactivates lac repressor
If lactose present, lac genes transcribed, thing produced inactivates system by producing
enzymes to break it down
\Allopolyploids - ANS -combines genomes of multiple species
E.g., wheat allohexaploid, chromosomes from three wild species
\ALX1 - ANS -One of the genes in region D in Darwin's Finches
Also affects frog development, human cleft palate, known in birds for beak development
\Amino acids by charge/polarity - ANS -Green: non-polar
Purple: polar
Blue: charged (+ or -)
Orange: special case
\Aminoacyl synthetase - ANS -enzyme that attaches amino acid to tRNA in translation
\Amount of genetic material translated/transcribed - ANS -Bacteria genome: >90% translated
Worms & flies genome: 35% translated, 65% transcribed
Human genome: 1-2% translated, ≈ 70% transcribed
, \Anabolic (building up) pathways tend to be _____________ - ANS -repressible
\Anaphase - ANS -Sister chromatids separate
Pulled towards centrosomes by shortening spindle fibers
\Aneuploidy - ANS -irregular chromosome numbers; + or - incomplete set (2n+1, 2n-1)
\Assortative mating - ANS -non-random mating, like mates with like
Extreme example: self fertilization like in pea plants
\Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium - ANS -Mating occurs at random
There is no mutation
There is no migration to/from the population
The population is extremely large
There is no selection
\Autoploidy - ANS -duplicates of the same genome
E.g., polar body fusion, 2n ovum (instead of n)
E.g., potatoes are normally autotetraploid 4n
\Bacteria - ANS -single, circular chromosome
No membranes dividing up the cytoplasm
Nucleoid = bacterial chromosome: 5x10^6 base pairs
Closed, circular chromosome
Plasmid: smaller, extra chromosomal DNA (also circular)
103 - 105 base pairs
Often have special genes for special circumstances
Ribosomes and DNA can be in close proximity
\Bacteria, degrade _______________ - ANS -linear DNA (because they recognize circular as
their own)
\Bacteria, H-NS protein - ANS -blocks transcription of AT-rich DNA (because most bacteria is
GC rich)
\Bacteria, restriction endonucleases - ANS -cut DNA at specific sequences
They methylate their own DNA for protection
E.g., EcoR1: 5'-GAATTC-4'
\Bacteriophage = phage - ANS -viruses of bacteria (very well studied)
It requires a cell's machinery to make more genomes and proteins
____ needs to be reactivated before meiosis - ANS -Xi
Xs reactivated before meiosis (also early in development)
Done while an embryo for females
\_______ _________arises from random events - ANS -genetic drift
Effect is larger in small populations
\___________ are the adapters between nucleic acids and peptides - ANS -tRNAs
\___________ results from nondisjunction - ANS -Aneuploidy
\____________ is the ultimate source of genetic variation - ANS -mutation
constant process
New alleles arise from mutation
\_____% of the nuclei produced by meiosis aren't intended for fertilization, but the cytoplasm of
those polar bodies is retained by the ovum - ANS -75%
Advantage is genetic variation
Leads to four cells, but only one gamete
\1% recombination - ANS -= 1 map unit = 1 centiMorgan
\2-Channel Microarray - ANS -label mRNA (or cDNA) with different fluorescent markers
Use microarray to compare expression patterns
Green for one transcriptome, red for another, yellow for both
\3 main mechanisms of horizontal inheritance - ANS -Transformation, Conjugation, Transduction
\3 possibilities after a mutation - ANS -Effects an essential function (cell dies)
Mutation affects another function
Mutation affects a gene associated with cell division
Tumor suppressor is damaged and can not turn on
Oncogene is damaged and can not turn off
\A site in ribosome - ANS -tRNA with amino acid, complements the next codon
A stands for amino acid
Elongation factors
\Abbreviation for purine is ______ - ANS -R
\Abbreviation for pyrimidine is ______ - ANS -Y
\Adaptation - ANS -trait that results from natural selection
\Adaptive radiation - ANS -divergence of a single group/species, each better suited to survive in
its specific niche. Split into a series of distinct but related species/groups
,\Additive variation - ANS -incomplete dominance, with multiple genes
Each allele combination contributes a little
\Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine - ANS -Complementary base pairing: weak hydrogen bond
G-C & A-T
Purine + pyrimidine pairing
The bonds between complementary pairs are weak but there are many
\Agouti coloration in mammals is an example of a _______________ - ANS -Dominance series
of multiple alleles
hierarchy of dominance
\All nucleotides have the same general, 3-Part structure (dNTP) - ANS -Deoxyribonucleotide
Triphosphate
Deoxyribose sugar
Ribose: 5'-C sugar
Triphosphate: α, β, γ phosphates
Bonded to 5'-C
Nucleotide base = Nitrogenous base
Bonded to 1'-C, diff. between nucleotides
\Allelic frequencies - ANS -proportions of each allele
\Allolactose (isomer of lactose) - ANS -an inducer: inactivates lac repressor
If lactose present, lac genes transcribed, thing produced inactivates system by producing
enzymes to break it down
\Allopolyploids - ANS -combines genomes of multiple species
E.g., wheat allohexaploid, chromosomes from three wild species
\ALX1 - ANS -One of the genes in region D in Darwin's Finches
Also affects frog development, human cleft palate, known in birds for beak development
\Amino acids by charge/polarity - ANS -Green: non-polar
Purple: polar
Blue: charged (+ or -)
Orange: special case
\Aminoacyl synthetase - ANS -enzyme that attaches amino acid to tRNA in translation
\Amount of genetic material translated/transcribed - ANS -Bacteria genome: >90% translated
Worms & flies genome: 35% translated, 65% transcribed
Human genome: 1-2% translated, ≈ 70% transcribed
, \Anabolic (building up) pathways tend to be _____________ - ANS -repressible
\Anaphase - ANS -Sister chromatids separate
Pulled towards centrosomes by shortening spindle fibers
\Aneuploidy - ANS -irregular chromosome numbers; + or - incomplete set (2n+1, 2n-1)
\Assortative mating - ANS -non-random mating, like mates with like
Extreme example: self fertilization like in pea plants
\Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium - ANS -Mating occurs at random
There is no mutation
There is no migration to/from the population
The population is extremely large
There is no selection
\Autoploidy - ANS -duplicates of the same genome
E.g., polar body fusion, 2n ovum (instead of n)
E.g., potatoes are normally autotetraploid 4n
\Bacteria - ANS -single, circular chromosome
No membranes dividing up the cytoplasm
Nucleoid = bacterial chromosome: 5x10^6 base pairs
Closed, circular chromosome
Plasmid: smaller, extra chromosomal DNA (also circular)
103 - 105 base pairs
Often have special genes for special circumstances
Ribosomes and DNA can be in close proximity
\Bacteria, degrade _______________ - ANS -linear DNA (because they recognize circular as
their own)
\Bacteria, H-NS protein - ANS -blocks transcription of AT-rich DNA (because most bacteria is
GC rich)
\Bacteria, restriction endonucleases - ANS -cut DNA at specific sequences
They methylate their own DNA for protection
E.g., EcoR1: 5'-GAATTC-4'
\Bacteriophage = phage - ANS -viruses of bacteria (very well studied)
It requires a cell's machinery to make more genomes and proteins
