BIO 210 Exam 2 Study Guide
**Aethalium - ANS -Large cushion-shaped fruiting body w/o stalk, cytoplasm from plasmodium
forms into a few piles
\**Amensalism - ANS -negative impact on one organism, no impact on other
\**Antagonism - ANS -negative impact on one organism, positive impact on other
\**Commensalism - ANS -positive impact on one organism, no impact on other
\**Competition - ANS -negative impact on both organisms
\**Contrast plasmogamy and karyogamy. - ANS -Plasmogamy is the fusion of the cytoplasm and
must happen before karyogamy. Karyogamy is the fusion of the nuclei
\**Describe the importance of trisporic acid to the Rhizopus life cycle. - ANS -induces the
formation of specialized aerial hyphae, they cause the hyphae to grow towards each other and
fuse.
\**Describe the ploidy level of a cell that is dikaryotic. Why? - ANS -N, carries 2 haploid nuclei,
doesn't fire together
\**Dikaryotic - ANS -secondary hyphae, 2 nuclei
\**Endomycorrhizae and Ectomycorrhizae: Enter or Surround? - ANS -Endomycorrhizae - Enter,
Ectomycorrhizae - surround cells of the root
\**Endomycorrhizae and Ectomycorrhizae: Other special characteristics? - ANS
-Endomycorrhizae - Vesicles and arbuscules
\**Endomycorrhizae and Ectomycorrhizae: Species/host specific? - ANS -Endomycorrhizal -
Species specific, Ectomycorrhizae - host specific
\**Endomycorrhizae and Ectomycorrhizae: Which fungal phyla(s)? - ANS -Endomycorrhizae -
Zygomycete, glomeromycotan, endogone, glomus, Ectomycorrhizae - Basidiomycota and
Ascomycota
\**Endomycorrhizae and Ectomycorrhizae: Woody or herbaceous plants? - ANS
-Endomycorrhizae - woody?, Ectomycorrhizae - woody
\**Karyogamy - ANS -the fusion of 2 nuclei from two haploid cells into one, immediately followed
by meiosis,
\**Mutualism - ANS -positive impact on one organism, positive impact on other
\**Neutralism - ANS -No impact on either organism
\**Parasites (eco role) - ANS -Leads to demise of the host, steals their nutrients
\**Pathogens (eco role) - ANS -harms plants and animals
\**Phylum Myxomycota Life cycle: Name and describe the three types of fruiting bodies. - ANS
-Plasmodicarp, aethalium, sporangia
\**Plasmodiocarp - ANS -plasmodium converts directly into a fruiting body, no piles formed,
fruiting body resembles plasmodium
\**Plasmogamy - ANS -the fusion of the cytoplasm of 2 hyphae, only able to exchange nuclei
with fungi with compatible mating types.
\**Predatory (eco role) - ANS -act as predators
\**Saprotrophs (eco role) - ANS -Breaking down dead things/decomposition
, \**Sporangia - ANS -stalked, sac-like structure, spores formed at top of stalk, 100s of individuals
formed in on plasmodium, most common type
\**Symbionts (eco role) - ANS -live and work together with another organism
\**trisporic acid - ANS -A pheromone that induces the formation of specialized aerial hyphae,
they cause the hyphae to grow towards each other and fuse.
\**What are the two types of mycorrhizae? - ANS -Endomycorrhizae and Ectomycorrhizae
\**What ecological roles do fungi play? Know all 5. - ANS -Saprotrophs, pathogens, parasites,
symbionts, predatory
\Antheridium - ANS -Male Gametangia structure
\Apothecium - ANS -storehouse, cup shaped with much variation, occur in a hymenium that is
fully exposed at maturity
\Arbuscules - ANS -branching
\Ascocarp - ANS -a form of fruiting body
\Ascogeneous hyphae - ANS -first hyphae made after becoming diploid
\Ascogonium - ANS -Female gametangia structure
\Ascus - ANS -A sac-like structure that contains haploid sexual spores called ascospores
\Basidiocarp - ANS -a mushroom
\Basidiospore - ANS -1N sexual spores
\Basidium - ANS -specialized spore producing cell
\Basipetal - ANS -chains of spores are produced, oldest spores on the most outside
\Can glomeromycetes be cultured in lab? Why or Why not? - ANS -No because they only
reproduce in extremely specific conditions that may be difficult to replicate in a lab
\Characterize the reproduction of yeasts. - ANS -Unicellular, no ascocarp, asci naked, asci
develop directly from the zygote without the intervention of the ascogenous hyphae
\clamp connection - ANS -maintains dikaryotic condition as the cell divides
\Cleistothecium - ANS -completely closed, small and inconspicuous, scattered (not in a
hymenium)
\Coenocytic - ANS -one big, undivided cells
\Compare and Contrast fungi and chlorophyll-lacking plants - ANS -Some chlorophyll-lacking
plants can be parasites like fungi, Some chlorophyll-lacking plants need other plants to help it
survive, whereas fungi do not.
\Conidia - ANS -Asexual reproduction centers
\Conidiophore - ANS -A spore that is spread out
\Describe the flagella of myxomycetes? - ANS -2 anterior unequal flagella, only on swarm cells
\Describe the importance of lichen in terms of its ecological roles as food and in bare rock
succession. - ANS -In Primary or bare rock successions, lichens grow first and produce acids.
The acids break big rocks into little rocks, a main component of soil, Lichens can be used to
monitor how polluted and area is and heavy metal remediation, They are important food and
nesting materials.
\Describe the modification to conjugation that the zygomycetes utilize. - ANS -Zygospores
formed in zygosproangium
\Describe the septum of hyphae of the Ascomycetes. - ANS -No swelling at the end, more flows
in between
**Aethalium - ANS -Large cushion-shaped fruiting body w/o stalk, cytoplasm from plasmodium
forms into a few piles
\**Amensalism - ANS -negative impact on one organism, no impact on other
\**Antagonism - ANS -negative impact on one organism, positive impact on other
\**Commensalism - ANS -positive impact on one organism, no impact on other
\**Competition - ANS -negative impact on both organisms
\**Contrast plasmogamy and karyogamy. - ANS -Plasmogamy is the fusion of the cytoplasm and
must happen before karyogamy. Karyogamy is the fusion of the nuclei
\**Describe the importance of trisporic acid to the Rhizopus life cycle. - ANS -induces the
formation of specialized aerial hyphae, they cause the hyphae to grow towards each other and
fuse.
\**Describe the ploidy level of a cell that is dikaryotic. Why? - ANS -N, carries 2 haploid nuclei,
doesn't fire together
\**Dikaryotic - ANS -secondary hyphae, 2 nuclei
\**Endomycorrhizae and Ectomycorrhizae: Enter or Surround? - ANS -Endomycorrhizae - Enter,
Ectomycorrhizae - surround cells of the root
\**Endomycorrhizae and Ectomycorrhizae: Other special characteristics? - ANS
-Endomycorrhizae - Vesicles and arbuscules
\**Endomycorrhizae and Ectomycorrhizae: Species/host specific? - ANS -Endomycorrhizal -
Species specific, Ectomycorrhizae - host specific
\**Endomycorrhizae and Ectomycorrhizae: Which fungal phyla(s)? - ANS -Endomycorrhizae -
Zygomycete, glomeromycotan, endogone, glomus, Ectomycorrhizae - Basidiomycota and
Ascomycota
\**Endomycorrhizae and Ectomycorrhizae: Woody or herbaceous plants? - ANS
-Endomycorrhizae - woody?, Ectomycorrhizae - woody
\**Karyogamy - ANS -the fusion of 2 nuclei from two haploid cells into one, immediately followed
by meiosis,
\**Mutualism - ANS -positive impact on one organism, positive impact on other
\**Neutralism - ANS -No impact on either organism
\**Parasites (eco role) - ANS -Leads to demise of the host, steals their nutrients
\**Pathogens (eco role) - ANS -harms plants and animals
\**Phylum Myxomycota Life cycle: Name and describe the three types of fruiting bodies. - ANS
-Plasmodicarp, aethalium, sporangia
\**Plasmodiocarp - ANS -plasmodium converts directly into a fruiting body, no piles formed,
fruiting body resembles plasmodium
\**Plasmogamy - ANS -the fusion of the cytoplasm of 2 hyphae, only able to exchange nuclei
with fungi with compatible mating types.
\**Predatory (eco role) - ANS -act as predators
\**Saprotrophs (eco role) - ANS -Breaking down dead things/decomposition
, \**Sporangia - ANS -stalked, sac-like structure, spores formed at top of stalk, 100s of individuals
formed in on plasmodium, most common type
\**Symbionts (eco role) - ANS -live and work together with another organism
\**trisporic acid - ANS -A pheromone that induces the formation of specialized aerial hyphae,
they cause the hyphae to grow towards each other and fuse.
\**What are the two types of mycorrhizae? - ANS -Endomycorrhizae and Ectomycorrhizae
\**What ecological roles do fungi play? Know all 5. - ANS -Saprotrophs, pathogens, parasites,
symbionts, predatory
\Antheridium - ANS -Male Gametangia structure
\Apothecium - ANS -storehouse, cup shaped with much variation, occur in a hymenium that is
fully exposed at maturity
\Arbuscules - ANS -branching
\Ascocarp - ANS -a form of fruiting body
\Ascogeneous hyphae - ANS -first hyphae made after becoming diploid
\Ascogonium - ANS -Female gametangia structure
\Ascus - ANS -A sac-like structure that contains haploid sexual spores called ascospores
\Basidiocarp - ANS -a mushroom
\Basidiospore - ANS -1N sexual spores
\Basidium - ANS -specialized spore producing cell
\Basipetal - ANS -chains of spores are produced, oldest spores on the most outside
\Can glomeromycetes be cultured in lab? Why or Why not? - ANS -No because they only
reproduce in extremely specific conditions that may be difficult to replicate in a lab
\Characterize the reproduction of yeasts. - ANS -Unicellular, no ascocarp, asci naked, asci
develop directly from the zygote without the intervention of the ascogenous hyphae
\clamp connection - ANS -maintains dikaryotic condition as the cell divides
\Cleistothecium - ANS -completely closed, small and inconspicuous, scattered (not in a
hymenium)
\Coenocytic - ANS -one big, undivided cells
\Compare and Contrast fungi and chlorophyll-lacking plants - ANS -Some chlorophyll-lacking
plants can be parasites like fungi, Some chlorophyll-lacking plants need other plants to help it
survive, whereas fungi do not.
\Conidia - ANS -Asexual reproduction centers
\Conidiophore - ANS -A spore that is spread out
\Describe the flagella of myxomycetes? - ANS -2 anterior unequal flagella, only on swarm cells
\Describe the importance of lichen in terms of its ecological roles as food and in bare rock
succession. - ANS -In Primary or bare rock successions, lichens grow first and produce acids.
The acids break big rocks into little rocks, a main component of soil, Lichens can be used to
monitor how polluted and area is and heavy metal remediation, They are important food and
nesting materials.
\Describe the modification to conjugation that the zygomycetes utilize. - ANS -Zygospores
formed in zygosproangium
\Describe the septum of hyphae of the Ascomycetes. - ANS -No swelling at the end, more flows
in between
