Soci 1510 Exam 2 2025

Social Structure - -social patterns that guide our behavior in everyday life; status and role Status - -social position that is part of our social identity and that defines our relationships to others Role - -the action expected of a person who holds a particular status Ascribed Status - -received at birth; involuntary such as being a teenager, an orphan, or a Mexican American Achieved Status - -role voluntarily taken on by person; is earned such as being an honors student, a pilot or a thief Master Status - -shapes a person's entire life; can be ascribed or achieved, has special importance for a person's identity (being blind, a doctor or a Kennedy) Role Conflict - -results from tension among roles with two or more statuses (mom and corporate CEO) Role Strain - -results from tension in a single status (prof who like personal interaction with student but has distance o treat them fairly) Social Interaction - -the process by which people act and react in relation to others; through this we construct the reality we experience Thomas Theorem - -situations defined as real are real in their consequences Ethnomethodlogy - -Garfinkel's term for studying the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings through assumptions Culture & Social Class - -shape the reality people construct Social Construction of Reality - -process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaciton Dramaturgical Analysis - -social interaction in terms of theatrical performance; a role and a script Performance - -how we present ourselves SOCIOLOGY SOCIOLOGY Performance Components - -conscious and unconscious(nonverbal), costume, props, and demeanor Nonverbal Communication - -communication using body movements, gestures, and facial expressions in place of speech Gender - -affects performance because males typically have more greater social power than females Demeanor - -greater social power to males which gives them more freedom in how they act Use of Space - -men typically command more space than women Staring and Touching - -done by men to women Smiling - -a way to please another, more commonly done by women Idealization - -convince others that our actions reflect ideal culture rather than selfish motives Embarrassment - -loss of face in performance Tact - -used to save face Emotions - -social construction of feeling Feeling - -how people display and value emotions Language - -social construction of gender Construction of Gender - -Language defines women and men as different types of people Reality Play - -social construction of humor Humor - -result from difference between conversational and unconventional definitions of a situation. Social Group - -two or more people that identify and interact with one another Primary Group - -small social group where members share personal and long lasting relationships (friends, family) Secondary Group - -large impersonal and goal oriented group, shorter duration (classmates) SOCIOLOGY Group Leadership - -instrumental, expressive, authoritarian Instrumental Leadership - -focuses on completing tasks Expressive Leadership - -focuses on group's well being Authoritarian Leadership - -take charge style demands obedience; Democratic Leadership - -include everyone in decision making Laissez-faire Leadership - -let the group function on its own Group Conformity - -group members often seek agreement and may pressure one another toward conformity Reference Groups - -social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions In groups - -members feel respect and loyalty Out Groups - -person feels a sense of competition or opposition Dyad - -two members Triad - -three members Larger Groups and Segregated Groups - -turn inward into themselves Socially Diverse Grops - -turn outward Networks - -web of weak social ties that link people with little common identity and interaction. type of social capital Formal Organization - -large secondary group organized to achieve its goals efficiently Utilitarian - -pay people for their efforts (business or govt. agency) Normative - -have goals people consider worthwhile (PTA) Coercive - -organizations people are forced to join (hospitals and prisons) Organizational Environment - -outside factors; influenced by technology, political and economic trends, current events, population patterns and other organizations Bureaucracy - -organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently SOCIOLOGY SOCIOLOGY SOCIOLOGY Bureaucratic Problems - -alienation, inefficiency and ritualism, inertia, oligarchy B. Ritualism - -focus on rules and organization to the point of undermining the goals B. Inertia - -tendency to perpetuate themselves Oligarchy - -rule of many by the few Scientific Management - -Frederick Taylor's terms for application of scientific principles to the operation of a business or other large organization Rosabeth Moss Kanter - -opening up organizations for all employees (women and minorities) increased organizational efficiency Global Competition - -attention to Japanese work organization and collective orientation Postindustrial Economy - -highly skilled and creative work; low skilled service work Sex - -biological distinction between male and female Gender (Sex) - -cultural, referring to behavior, power and privileges a society attaches to being female or male Sexuality - -is a biological issue and cultural issue Primary Sex Characeristics - -genitals, organs used for sexual reproduction Secondary Sex Characteristics - -bodily development, apart from genitals that distinguish mature females and males Intersexual People - -hermaphrodites; have both male and female characteristics Transsexual People - -people feel they are one sex even though they are biologically another Incest Taboo - -a norm forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives Sexual Revolution - -60s and 70s; drew sexuality out into the open. baby boomers were first to grow up thinking that sex was a normal part of social life Sexual Counterrevolution - -80s; criticism aimed at permissivene